Test Bank for Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 5th by Creswell

Product details:

• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1506386709
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1506386706
• Author: John W. Creswell, PhD

This bestselling text pioneered the comparison of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research design. For all three approaches, John W. Creswell and new co author J. David Creswell include a preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions; key elements of the research process; a review of the literature; an assessment of the use of theory in research applications, and reflections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry.

Table contents:

Part I Preliminary Considerations 1

Chapter 1 The Selection of a Research Approach 3

Learning Objectives 3

Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter 3

Three Approaches or Methodologies in Research 4

Three Major Components of a Research Approach 6

Philosophical Worldviews 6

The Postpositivist Worldview 7

The Construciivist Worldview 9

The Transformative Worldview 10

The Pragmatic Worldview 11

Research Designs 13

Quantitative Designs 13

Qualitative Designs 14

Mixed Methods Designs 15

Research Methods 17

Interconnecting Worldviews, Designs, and Methods 18

Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach 20

The Research Problem and Questions 20

Personal Experiences 21

Audience 22

Summary 22

Key Terms 22

Writing Exercises 23

Additional Readings 23

Chapter 2 Review of the Literature 25

Learning Objectives 25

Introduction 25

The Research Topic 26

A Draft Title 26

A Significant Topic 27

The Purpose and Organization of a Literature Review 28

Purpose of a Literature Review 28

The Organization of the Literature Review 29

General Forms 29

A Qualitative Structure 29

A Quantitative Structure 31

A Mixed Methods Structure 32

Steps in Conducting a Literature Review 32

Searching the Literature 34

Computer Databases 34

Types of Literature 36

Priority of the Literature 36

Overall Evaluation Quality 37

Abstracting the Literature 37

Components of an Abstract 38

Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Abstracts 38

A Literature Map 39

Example 2.1 Components of a Methodological Journal Article Abstract 39

Style Manual Use 43

The Definition of Terms 44

General Guidelines 45

Special Terms 46

Example 2.2 Defining Terms in a Dissertation 47

Summary 47

Key Terms 48

Writing Exercises 48

Additional Readings 49

Chapter 3 The Use of Theory 51

Learning Objectives 51

Introduction 51

The Varied Use of Theory 52

Quantitative Theory Use 53

Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research 53

Variables in Quantitative Research 54

Testing Causal Claims in Quantitative Research 56

Stating Theories in Quantitative Research 57

Placement of Quantitative Theories 60

Writing a Quantitative

Theoretical Perspective 60

Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section 63

Qualitative Theory Use 64

Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research 65

Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research 68

Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study 68

Example 3.3 Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study 69

Mixed Methods Theory Use 69

Types of Mixed Methods Theory Use 69

Importance of a Theory 71

Distinctions Between a Theory and a Worldview 72

A Theoretically Driven Mixed Methods Study 72

What Theory Informs 73

Example 3.4 A Discipline-Based Theory in a Mixed Methods Study 74

Summary 74

Key Terms 75

Writing Exercises 76

Additional Readings 76

Chapter 4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations 79

Learning Objectives 79

Introduction 79

Writing the Proposal 79

Topics Presented in a Proposal 80

A Qualitative Proposal 80

A Qualitative Constructivist or Interpretivist Format 81

A Quantitative Proposal 81

Example 4.2 A Qualitative Participatory or Social Justice Format 82

Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format 82

A Mixed Methods Proposal 83

Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format 83

Designing the Sections of a Proposal 84

Writing Strategies 84

The Process 84

The Habit of Writing 85

Clear and Concise Writing 87

Coherence 88

Voice, Tense, and “Fat” 91

Ethical Issues 93

Prior to Beginning the Study 95

Beginning the Study 97

Collecting the Data 98

Analyzing the Data 99

Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data 100

Summary 102

Key Terms 102

Writing Exercises 102

Additional Readings 103

Part II Designing Research 105

Chapter 5 The Introduction 107

Learning Objectives 107

Introduction to a Study 107

The Importance of Introductions 108

An Abstract for a Study 109

Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions 110

A Model for an Introduction 111

An Illustration of an Introduction 112

The Research Problem 112

Evidence From the Literature Justifying the Problem 115

Deficiencies in the Evidence 117

Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature-Needed Studies 117

Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature-Few Studies 118

Importance of the Problem for Audiences 118

Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study 119

Summary 119

Key Terms 119

Writing Exercises 120

Additional Readings 120

Chapter 6 The Purpose Statement 123

Learning Objectives 123

Introduction 123

Significance of a Purpose (or Study Aim) Statement 124

A Qualitative Purpose Statement 125

Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study 127

Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Case Study 128

Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in a Narrative Study 129

Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study 129

A Quantitative Purpose Statement 130

Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Survey Study 132

Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study 132

Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study 133

A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 134

Example 6.8 A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 137

Example 6.9 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 138

Example 6.10 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 139

Summary 140

Key Terms 140

Writing Exercises 141

Additional Readings 141

Chapter 7 Research Questions and Hypotheses 143

Learning Objectives 143

Introduction 143

Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses 144

Example 7.1 Script for a Descriptive Quantitative Research Question 145

Example 7.2 Script for a Relationship-Oriented Quantitative Research Question and Directional Hypothesis 145

Example 7.3 Example of Quantitative Directional Hypotheses 146

Qualitative Research Questions 146

Example 7.4 A Qualitative Central Question in an Ethnography 149

Example 7.5 Qualitative Central Questions in a Case Study 149

Example 7.6 Qualitative Sub-Questions 150

Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses 150

Example 7.7 Statement of Objectives in a Mixed Methods Study 152

Example 7.8 Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study 153

Summary 154

Key Terms 154

Writing Exercises 154

Additional Readings 155

Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods 157

Learning Objectives 157

Introduction 157

Putting Quantitative Research in Context 158

Quantitative Desrgns 158

Components of a Survey Study Method Plan 159

The Survey Design 161

The Purpose 161

Rationale for Using the Survey Method 161

Type of Survey Method 161

Specify the Form of Data Collection 161

The Population and Sample 162

The Population 162

Sampling Design 162

Type of Sampling 162

Population Stratification 163

Sample Size Determination 163

Power Analysis 163

Instrumentation 163

The Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data 164

Instruments and Measures 164

Validity of Scores Using the Instrument 164

Reliability of Scores on the Instrument 165

Inter-Rater Reliability 165

Sample Items 165

Content of an Instrument 165

Pilot Testing 166

Administering the Survey 166

Variables in the Study 166

Data Analysis 167

Preregistering the Study Plan 169

Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section 170

Reporting Results 170

Statistical Tests in Survey Research 170

Practical Evidence 172

Context of Previous Studies 172

Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan 172

Participants 173

Recruiting Participants 173

Random Assignment 174

Power Analysis for Sample Size 174

Formal Design Statement 174

Variables 175

Independent Variables 175

Manipulation Check 175

Dependent Variables 175

Otter Variables 175

Instrumentation and Materials 176

Materials 176

Cover Story 176

Experimental Procedures 176

Type of Experiment 177

Example 8.1 Pre-Experimental Designs 178

Example 8.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs 179

Example 8.3 True Experimental Designs 179

Example 8.4 Single-Subject Designs 180

Threats to Validity 180

Internal Validity 180

External Validity 182

The Procedure 182

Data Analysis 184

Reporting the Descriptive Statistics 184

Preliminary Analysis 184

Inferential Statistical Tests 184

Factorial Designs 184

Single-Subject Designs 185

Preregistering the Study Plan 185

Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section 185

Example 8.5 An Experimental Method Plan 186

Summary 187

Key Terms 187

Writing Exercises 187

Additional Readings 188

Chapter 9 Qualitative Methods 191

Learning Objectives 191

Introduction 191

Putting Qualitative Research Into Context 192

Participants’ Meanings 193

Natural Setting 193

Researcher as Key Instrument 193

Multiple Sources of Data 193

Inductive and Deductive Data Analysis 194

Emergent Design 194

Reflexivity 194

Researcher’s Role 195

A Complex Account 195

The Approach or Design 195

Descriptive Methods 196

Analytic Frameworks 196

Data Collection Procedures 198

Sampling and Recruitment 198

Permissions 199

Data Collection Types 199

Ethical Issues 201

Data Recording Procedures 202

Observation Protocol or Guide 203

Interview Protocol 203

Data Analysis Procedures 205

Simultaneous Procedures 205

Winnowing the Data 206

Using Qualitative Computer Software Programs 206

Steps in the Analytic Process 207

Step 1 Organizing and Preparing the Data for Analysis 207

Step 2 Reading Through All the Data 207

Step 3 Coding the Data 207

Step 4 Identifying Themes 207

Step 5 Developing a Story Line Interpretation 209

Step 6 Further Analyzing the Data Using an Analytic Framework 209

Step 7 Representing and Interpreting the Data 209

Coding the Data 209

Expected Codes 210

Surprising Codes 210

Codes of Unusual or Conceptual Interest 211

Predetermined Codes 211

Visual Images as Codes 211

Interpretation 212

Validity and Reliability 212

Defining Qualitative Validity 213

Validity Strategies 213

Reliability Strategies 215

Intercoder Agreement 215

Qualitative Generalization 215

Writing the Qualitative Report 216

Writing Strategies 216

A Sample Qualitative Method Section 217

The Qualitative Research Paradigm 217

The Ethnographic Research Design 218

The Researcher’s Role 219

Bounding the Study 219

Setting 219

Actors 220

Events 220

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