This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for Urinalysis and Body Fluids 6th Edition by Strasinger
Product Details:
- ISBN-10 : 9780803639201
- ISBN-13 : 978-0803639201
- Author:
Here’s a concise, comprehensive, and carefully structured introduction to the analysis of non-blood body fluids. Through six editions, the authors, noted educators and clinicians, have taught generations of students the theoretical and practical knowledge every clinical laboratory scientist needs to handle and analyze non-blood body fluids, and to keep themselves and their laboratories safe from infectious agents.
Their practical, focused, and reader friendly approach first presents the foundational concepts of renal function and urinalysis. Then, step by step, they focus on the examination of urine, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, synovial fluid, serous fluid, amniotic fluid, feces, and vaginal secretions.
The 6th Edition has been completely updated to include all of the new information and new testing procedures that are important in this rapidly changing field. Case studies, clinical situations, learning objectives, key terms, summary boxes, and study questions show how work in the classroom translates to work in the lab.
Redeem the Plus Code inside new, printed texts to access your DavisPlus student resources, including Davis Digital, your complete text online.
Table of Content:
- PART ONE Background
- CHAPTER 1 Safety and Quality Assessment
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- SAFETY
- Biologic Hazards
- Table 1–1 Types of Safety Hazards
- Figure 1–1 Chain of infection and safety practices related to the biohazard symbol.
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Hand Hygiene
- PROCEDURE 1-1 Hand Washing Procedure
- Biologic Waste Disposal
- Sharp Hazards
- Figure 1–2 Biohazard symbol.
- Figure 1–3 Technologist disposing of urine (A) sample and (B) container.
- Chemical Hazards
- Chemical Spills and Exposure
- Chemical Handling
- Chemical Hygiene Plan
- Chemical Labeling
- Material Safety Data Sheets
- Figure 1–4 Chemical safety aids. A, emergency shower; B, eye wash station.
- Radioactive Hazards
- Electrical Hazards
- Figure 1–5 Chemical hazard symbols.
- Fire/Explosive Hazards
- Figure 1–6 NFPA hazardous material symbols.
- Physical Hazards
- Table 1–2 Types of Fires and Fire Extinguishers
- QUALITY ASSESSMENT
- Urinalysis Procedure Manual
- Preexamination Variables
- Figure 1–7 Example of procedure review documentation.
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Figure 1–8 Cause-and-effect diagram for analyzing urinalysis TAT.
- Table 1–3 Policy for Handling Mislabeled Specimens
- Table 1–4 Criteria for Urine Specimen Rejection
- Examination Variables
- Reagents
- Instrumentation and Equipment
- Testing Procedure
- Quality Control
- Figure 1–9 Sample of Quality Improvement Follow-up Report form.
- Figure 1–10 Sample instrument QC recording sheet.
- External Quality Control
- Internal Quality Control
- Figure 1–11 Levy-Jennings charts showing in-control, shift, and trend results.
- Electronic Controls
- Proficiency Testing (External Quality Assessment)
- Personnel and Facilities
- Figure 1–12 “Out-of-control” procedures.
- Postexamination Variables
- Reporting Results
- Figure 1–13 Sample standardized urine microscopic reporting format.
- Figure 1–14 An example of procedure instructions for reporting critical values in the urinalysis section. A procedure review document similar to that shown in Figure 1–7 would accompany this instruction sheet.
- SUMMARY 1-1 Quality Assessment Errors
- Preexamination
- Examination
- Postexamination
- Interpreting Results
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Urinalysis
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- History and Importance
- Figure 2–1 Physician examines urine flask.
- Figure 2–2 Instruction in urine examination.
- Figure 2–3 A chart used for urine analysis.
- Urine Formation
- Urine Composition
- Urine Volume
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 2–1 Primary Components in Normal Urine3
- Figure 2–4 Differentiation between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
- Specimen Collection
- Containers
- Labels
- Requisitions
- Specimen Rejection
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 2–2 Changes in Unpreserved Urine
- Specimen Handling
- Specimen Integrity
- Specimen Preservation
- TECHNICAL TIP
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 2–3 Urine Preservatives
- Types of Specimens
- Random Specimen
- Table 2–4 Types of Urine Specimens
- First Morning Specimen
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Glucose Tolerance Specimens
- 24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen
- PROCEDURE 2-1 Sample 24-Hour (Timed) Specimen Collection Procedure
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Catheterized Specimen
- Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
- Suprapubic Aspiration
- Prostatitis Specimen
- Three-Glass Collection
- TECHNICAL TIP
- PROCEDURE 2-2 Clean-Catch Specimen Collection: Female Cleansing Procedure2
- PROCEDURE 2-3 Clean-Catch Specimen Collection: Male Cleansing Procedure2
- Pre- and Post-Massage Test
- Pediatric Specimens
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Stamey-Mears Test for Prostatitis
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Drug Specimen Collection
- PROCEDURE 2-4 Urine Drug Specimen Collection Procedure
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 3 Renal Function
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Renal Physiology
- Figure 3–1 The relationship of the nephron to the kidney and excretory system.
- Renal Blood Flow
- Figure 3–2 The nephron and its component parts.
- Glomerular Filtration
- Cellular Structure of the Glomerulus
- Glomerular Pressure
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Figure 3–3 Factors affecting glomerular filtration in the renal corpuscle (A). Inset B, glomerular filtration barrier. Inset C, the shield of negativity.
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Figure 3–4 Close contact of the distal tubule with the afferent arteriole, macula densa, and the juxtaglomerular cells within the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Note the smaller size of the afferent arteriole indicating increased blood pressure.
- Figure 3–5 Algorithm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Table 3–1 Actions of the RAAS
- Tubular Reabsorption
- Reabsorption Mechanisms
- Table 3–2 Tubular Reabsorption
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Tubular Concentration
- Collecting Duct Concentration
- Figure 3–6 Renal concentration.
- Tubular Secretion
- Figure 3–7 Summary of movement of substances in the nephron.
- Acid–Base Balance
- Figure 3–8 Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate.
- Figure 3–9 Excretion of secreted hydrogen ions combined with phosphate.
- Figure 3–10 Excretion of secreted hydrogen ions combined with ammonia produced by the tubules.
- Renal Function Tests
- Figure 3–11 The relationship of nephron areas to renal function tests.
- Glomerular Filtration Tests
- Clearance Tests
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Urea Clearance
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Inulin Clearance
- Creatinine Clearance
- Procedure
- EXAMPLE
- EXAMPLE
- Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates
- Figure 3–12 Creatinine filtration and excretion.
- Figure 3–13 A nomogram for determining body surface area.
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Original MDRD Calculation
- Cystatin C
- Beta2-Microglobulin
- Radionucleotides
- Clinical Significance
- Tubular Reabsorption Tests
- Figure 3–14 The effect of hydration on renal concentration. Notice the decreased specific gravity in the more-hydrated Patient B.
- Osmolality
- Figure 3–15 Differentiation of neurogenic and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
- Freezing Point Osmometers
- Vapor Pressure Osmometers
- Technical Factors
- Clinical Significance
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Free Water Clearance
- EXAMPLE
- Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow Tests
- PAH Test
- Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Phenolsulfonphthalein Test
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- PART TWO Urinalysis
- CHAPTER 4 Physical Examination of Urine
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Color
- Table 4–1 Laboratory Correlation of Urine Color1
- Normal Urine Color
- Abnormal Urine Color
- Dark Yellow/Amber/Orange
- Red/Pink/Brown
- Brown/Black
- Figure 4–1 Differentiation of red urine testing chemically positive for blood.
- Blue/Green
- Clarity
- Normal Clarity
- Table 4–2 Urine Clarity
- PROCEDURE 4-1 Urine Color and Clarity Procedure
- Nonpathologic Turbidity
- Pathologic Turbidity
- Table 4–3 Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
- Specific Gravity
- Table 4–4 Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
- Refractometer
- Box 4-1 Current Urine Specific Gravity Measurements
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Urinometry
- EXAMPLE
- Figure 4–2 Steps in the use of the urine specific gravity refractometer.
- Figure 4–3 Calibration of the urine specific gravity refractometer.
- Osmolality
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 4–5 Particle Changes to Colligative Properties
- Reagent Strip Specific Gravity
- Odor
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 4–6 Possible Causes of Urine Odor1
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 5 Chemical Examination of Urine
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Reagent Strips
- Reagent Strip Technique
- Errors Caused by Improper Technique
- PROCEDURE 5-1 Reagent Strip Technique1,2
- Handling and Storing Reagent Strips
- Quality Control of Reagent Strips
- Confirmatory Testing
- pH
- Clinical Significance
- SUMMARY 5-1 Care of Reagent Strips
- Table 5–1 Causes of Acid and Alkaline Urine
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 5-2 Clinical Significance of Urine pH
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 5-3 pH Reagent Strip
- Protein
- Clinical Significance
- Prerenal Proteinuria
- Bence Jones Protein
- Renal Proteinuria
- Glomerular Proteinuria
- Microalbuminuria
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Screening Test for Bence Jones Protein
- Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria
- Tubular Proteinuria
- Postrenal Proteinuria
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Microalbuminuria Testing
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- SUMMARY 5-4 Clinical Significance of Urine Protein
- Reaction Interference
- Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test
- Testing for Microalbuminuria
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 5-5 Clinical Significance of Urine Protein
- PROCEDURE 5-2 Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test
- Table Reporting SSA Turbidity
- Albumin: Creatinine Ratio
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- Albumin
- Creatinine
- Albumin/Protein: Creatinine Ratio
- Glucose
- Clinical Significance
- Figure 5–1 A protein:creatinine ratio determination chart.
- SUMMARY 5-6 Immunologic Tests
- SUMMARY 5-7 Clinical Significance of Urine Glucose
- Reagent Strip (Glucose Oxidase) Reaction
- Reaction Interference
- Copper Reduction Test (Clinitest)
- SUMMARY 5-8 Glucose Reagent Strip
- Clinical Significance of Clinitest
- PROCEDURE 5-3 Clinitest Procedure
- Ketones
- Clinical Significance
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 5-9 Clinical Significance of Urine Ketones
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- Reaction Interference
- Acetest Tablets
- Blood
- Figure 5–2 Production of acetone and butyrate from acetoacetic acid.
- PROCEDURE 5-4 Acetest Procedure
- Clinical Significance
- Hematuria
- Hemoglobinuria
- Myoglobinuria
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- SUMMARY 5-11 Clinical Significance of a Positive Reaction for Blood
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Hemoglobinuria Versus Myoglobinuria
- Reaction Interference
- SUMMARY 5-12 Blood Reagent Strip
- Bilirubin
- Bilirubin Production
- Clinical Significance
- Table 5–2 Urine Bilirubin and Urobilinogen in Jaundice
- SUMMARY 5-13 Clinical Significance of Urine Bilirubin
- Figure 5–3 Hemoglobin degradation and production of bilirubin and urobilinogen.
- Reagent Strip (Diazo) Reactions
- Reaction Interference
- Ictotest Tablets
- SUMMARY 5-14 Bilirubin Reagent Strip
- PROCEDURE 5-5 Ictotest Procedure
- Urobilinogen
- Clinical Significance
- Reagent Strip Reactions and Interference
- SUMMARY 5-15 Clinical Significance of Urine Urobilinogen
- Reaction Interference
- Nitrite
- Clinical Significance
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 5-16 Urobilinogen Reagent Strip
- Reagent Strip Reactions
- Reaction Interference
- SUMMARY 5-17 Clinical Significance of Urine Nitrite
- SUMMARY 5-18 Nitrite Reagent Strip
- Leukocyte Esterase
- Clinical Significance
- Reagent Strip Reaction
- SUMMARY 5-19 Clinical Significance of Urine Leukocytes
- Reaction Interference
- Specific Gravity
- Reagent Strip Reaction
- SUMMARY 5-21 Clinical Significance of Urine Specific Gravity
- Figure 5–4 Diagram of reagent strip–specific gravity reaction.
- Reaction Interference
- SUMMARY 5-22 Urine Specific Gravity Reagent Strip
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 6 Microscopic Examination of Urine
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Macroscopic Screening
- Table 6–1 Macroscopic Screening and Microscopic Correlations
- Specimen Preparation
- Specimen Volume
- Centrifugation
- Sediment Preparation
- Volume of Sediment Examined
- Commercial Systems
- Examining the Sediment
- Reporting the Microscopic Examination
- EXAMPLE
- Correlating Results
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Addis Count
- Table 6–2 Routine Urinalysis Correlations
- Sediment Examination Techniques
- Sediment Stains
- Table 6–3 Urine Sediment Stain Characteristics
- Table 6–4 Expected Staining Reactions of Urine Sediment Constituents
- Lipid Stains
- Gram Stain
- Hansel Stain
- Prussian Blue Stain
- Cytodiagnostic Urine Testing
- Microscopy
- The Microscope
- Table 6–5 Urinalysis Microscopic Techniques
- Figure 6–1 Parts of the binocular microscope.
- PROCEDURE 6-1 Care of the Microscope
- Köhler Illumination
- Figure 6–2 Centering the condenser and Köhler illumination.
- Types of Microscopy
- Bright-Field Microscopy
- Phase-Contrast Microscopy
- Polarizing Microscopy
- Figure 6–3 Phase-contrast ring adjustment.
- Interference-Contrast Microscopy
- Figure 6–4 Diagram of polarized light.
- Dark-Field Microscopy
- Figure 6–5 Differential interference-contrast (Nomarski) microscopy.
- Fluorescence Microscopy
- Figure 6–6 Dark-field microscopy.
- Urine Sediment Constituents
- Red Blood Cells
- Figure 6–7 Fluorescent microscopy.
- Figure 6–8 Normal RBCs (×400).
- Figure 6–9 Microcytic and crenated RBCs (×100).
- Figure 6–10 Yeast. The presence of budding forms aid in distinguishing from RBCs (×400).
- Figure 6–11 KOVA-stained squamous epithelial cells and oil droplets (×400). Notice how the oil droplet (arrow) resembles an RBC.
- Figure 6–12 Air bubble. Notice no formed elements are in focus (×100).
- Clinical Significance
- Figure 6–13 Dysmorphic RBCs (×400). Notice the smaller size and fragmentation.
- White Blood Cells
- SUMMARY 6-1 Microscopic RBCs
- Figure 6–14 RBCs and one WBC (×400). Notice the larger size and granules in the WBC.
- Figure 6–15 WBCs. A. One segmented and one nonsegmented WBC (×400). B. Notice the multilobed nucleoli (×400).
- Eosinophils
- Figure 6–16 Glitter cells (×400). Observe the very noticeable granules.
- Figure 6–17 Hansel-stained eosinophils (×400).
- Mononuclear Cells
- Figure 6–18 WBCs with acetic acid nuclear enhancement. Notice the ameboid shape in some of the WBCs.
- Epithelial Cells
- SUMMARY 6-2 Microscopic WBCs
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Figure 6–19 Sediment-containing squamous, caudate transitional, and RTE cells (×400).
- Figure 6–20 A. Squamous epithelial cells identifiable under low power (×100). B. KOVA-stained squamous epithelial cells (×400). Compare the size of the nucleus with the RBCs in Figure 6–8.
- Figure 6–21 Phenazopyridine-stained sediment showing squamous epithelial cells and phenazopyridine crystals formed following refrigeration (×400).
- Figure 6–22 Clump of squamous epithelial cells (×400).
- Figure 6–23 Clump of squamous epithelial cells with folded forms (×400).
- Transitional Epithelial (Urothelial) Cells
- Figure 6–24 Transitional epithelial cells.
- Figure 6–25 KOVA-stained spherical transitional epithelial cells (×400).
- Figure 6–26 Caudate transitional epithelial cells (×400).
- Figure 6–27 Syncytia of transitional epithelial cells from catheterized specimen (×400).
- Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells
- Figure 6–28 RTE cell. Columnar proximal convoluted tubule cell with granules and attached fat globules (×400). N, nucleus.
- Figure 6–29 RTE cells. Oval distal convoluted tubule cells. Notice the eccentrically placed nuclei (×400).
- Figure 6–30 RTE cells, cuboidal from the collecting duct (×400).
- Figure 6–31 Fragment of RTE cells from the collecting duct under phase microscopy (×400).
- Clinical Significance
- Figure 6–32 Prussian blue–stained hemosiderin granules.
- Oval Fat Bodies
- Figure 6–33 Oval fat body (×400).
- Figure 6–34 Sudan III-stained oval fat body (×400).
- Figure 6–35 Oval fat body under bright-field (left) and polarized (right) microscopy. Notice the Maltese cross formation (arrow) (×400).
- Bacteria
- SUMMARY 6-3 Epithelial Cells
- Figure 6–36 A. Rod-shaped bacteria often seen in urinary tract infections. B. KOVA-stained bacteria and WBC (×400).
- Yeast
- Figure 6–37 A. Budding yeast B. Yeast showing mycelial forms (×400).
- Parasites
- Figure 6–38 Trichomonas vaginalis. Notice the flagella and undulating membrane.
- Spermatozoa
- Figure 6–39 Schistosoma haematobium ova (×300). Eggs are often contained in the last few drops of urine expelled from the bladder.
- Figure 6–40 A. Enterobius vermicularis ova (×100) B. Enterobius vermicularis ova (×400).
- Figure 6–41 Spermatozoa (×400).
- Mucus
- Casts
- Figure 6–42 A. Mucus threads (×400). B. Mucus clump (×400).
- SUMMARY 6-4 Miscellaneous Structures
- Cast Composition and Formation
- Hyaline Casts
- Figure 6–43 Hyaline casts under low power (×100).
- Figure 6–44 Hyaline cast (A) and amorphous urates (B) attached to mucus pseudocast (×100).
- Figure 6–45 A. Hyaline cast (×400). B. Hyaline cast under phase microscopy (×400).
- Figure 6–46 Convoluted hyaline cast (×400).
- RBC Casts
- Figure 6–47 Hyaline cast containing occasional granules (×400).
- Figure 6–48 RBC cast (×400).
- Figure 6–49 KOVA-stained RBC cast under phase microscopy (×400).
- Figure 6–50 Disintegrating RBC cast. Notice the presence of free RBCs (arrows) to confirm identification.
- Figure 6–51 Cast containing hemoglobin pigment. A comparison of RBCs (A) and yeast (B) also can be made (×400).
- Figure 6–52 Granular, dirty, brown cast (×400).
- WBC Casts
- Figure 6–53 WBC cast. Notice the free WBCs to aid in identification.
- Figure 6–54 KOVA-stained WBC cast (×400).
- Figure 6–55 Disintegrating WBC cast (×400).
- Bacterial Casts
- Figure 6–56 WBC clump. Notice the absence of a cast matrix.
- Epithelial Cell Casts
- Fatty Casts
- Figure 6–57 RTE cell cast (×400).
- Figure 6–58 A. KOVA-stained RTE cell cast (×400). B. KOVA-stained RTE cell cast under phase microscopy (×400).
- Figure 6–59 RTE cast with bilirubin-stained cells (×400).
- Mixed Cellular Casts
- Figure 6–60 Fatty cast showing adherence of fat droplets (arrows) to cast matrix (×400).
- Figure 6–61 Fatty cast (×400).
- Figure 6–62 Fatty cast under phase microscopy (×400).
- Granular Casts
- Figure 6–63 Finely granular cast (A) and uric acid crystals (B) (×400).
- Figure 6–64 Granular cast formed at a tubular bend (×400).
- Figure 6–65 Granular disintegrating cellular cast (×400).
- Figure 6–66 Coarsely granular cast (A), squamous epithelial cell (B), and mucus (C) (×400).
- Waxy Casts
- Figure 6–67 Granular cast degenerating into waxy cast (×400).
- Figure 6–68 KOVA-stained waxy casts (×100).
- Figure 6–69 KOVA-stained waxy casts (×200).
- Figure 6–70 KOVA-stained waxy cast (×400).
- Broad Casts
- Urinary Crystals
- Figure 6–71 KOVA-stained broad waxy cast (×400).
- Figure 6–72 Broad granular cast becoming waxy (×400).
- Figure 6–73 Broad bile-stained waxy cast (×400).
- Crystal Formation
- General Identification Techniques
- SUMMARY 6-5 Urine Casts
- Normal Crystals Seen in Acidic Urine
- Table 6–6 Major Characteristics of Normal Urinary Crystals
- Figure 6–74 Amorphous urates (×400).
- Figure 6–75 Amorphous urates attached to a fiber.
- Figure 6–76 Uric acid crystals (×400).
- Figure 6–77 Clump of uric acid crystals (×400). Notice the whetstone, not hexagonal, shape that differentiates uric acid crystals from cystine crystals.
- Figure 6–78 A. Uric acid crystals under polarized light (×100). B. Uric acid crystals under polarized light (×400).
- Figure 6–79 Classic dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals (×400).
- Figure 6–80 Classic dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals under phase microscopy (×400).
- Figure 6–81 Attached classic dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals (×400).
- Figure 6–82 Monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals (×400).
- Normal Crystals Seen in Alkaline Urine
- Figure 6–83 Amorphous phosphates (×400). Urine pH 7.0.
- Figure 6–84 Amorphous phosphates (×400).
- Figure 6–85 Triple phosphate crystal (×400).
- Figure 6–86 Triple phosphate crystals (arrow) and amorphous phosphates (×400).
- Figure 6–87 Calcium carbonate crystals (×400).
- Figure 6–88 Ammonium biurate crystals (×400). Notice the “thorny apple” appearance.
- Figure 6–89 Ammonium biurate crystals A. Ammonium biurate and triple phosphate crystals (×100). Note thorn (arrow). B. Ammonium biurate and triple phosphate crystals (×400).
- Figure 6–90 Ammonium biurate crystals (×400). Note thorns (arrow).
- Abnormal Urine Crystals
- Cystine Crystals
- Cholesterol Crystals
- Table 6–7 Major Characteristics of Abnormal Urinary Crystals
- Figure 6–91 Cystine crystals (×400).
- Radiographic Dye Crystals
- Crystals Associated With Liver Disorders
- Figure 6–92 Clump of cystine crystals (×400). Notice the hexagonal shape still visible.
- Figure 6–93 Cholesterol crystals. Notice the notched corners (×400).
- Figure 6–94 Cholesterol crystals under polarized light (×400).
- Figure 6–95 Tyrosine crystals in fine needle clumps (×400).
- Figure 6–96 Tyrosine crystals in rosette forms (×400).
- Figure 6–97 Leucine crystals (×400). Notice the concentric circles.
- Figure 6–98 Bilirubin crystals. Notice the classic bright yellow color (×400).
- Sulfonamide Crystals
- Ampicillin Crystals
- Figure 6–99 Sulfa crystals in rosette form (×400).
- Figure 6–100 Sulfa crystals, WBCs, and bacteria seen in UTI (×400).
- Figure 6–101 Ampicillin crystals. A. Nonrefrigerated ampicillin crystals. (×400). B. Ampicillin crystals after refrigeration (×400).
- Urinary Sediment Artifacts
- Figure 6–102 Starch granules. Notice the dimpled center (×400).
- Figure 6–103 Fecal material and oil artifacts (×400).
- Figure 6–104 Pollen grain. Notice the concentric circles (×400).
- Figure 6–105 Fiber and squamous epithelial cell (×400).
- Figure 6–106 Fiber under polarized light (×100).
- Figure 6–107 Diaper fiber resembling a cast. Notice the refractility (×400).
- Figure 6–108 Vegetable fiber resembling waxy cast (×400).
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 7 Renal Disease
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Glomerular Disorders
- Glomerulonephritis
- Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
- Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis
- Goodpasture Syndrome
- Wegener Granulomatosis
- Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
- Membranous Glomerulonephritis
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Chronic Glomerulonephritis
- Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Minimal Change Disease
- Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Tubular Disorders
- Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Table 7–1 Laboratory Testing in Glomerular Disorders
- Table 7–2 Clinical Information Associated With Glomerular Disorders
- Hereditary and Metabolic Tubular Disorders
- Fanconi Syndrome
- Alport Syndrome
- Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease
- Diabetic Nephropathy
- Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Renal Glycosuria
- Interstitial Disorders
- Table 7–3 Laboratory Testing in Metabolic and Hereditary Tubular Disorders
- Table 7–4 Clinical Information Associated With Metabolic and Tubular Disorders
- Acute Pyelonephritis
- Chronic Pyelonephritis
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Renal Failure
- Table 7–5 Laboratory Results in Interstitial Disorders
- Table 7–6 Clinical Information Associated With Interstitial Disorders
- Table 7–7 Causes of Acute Renal Failure
- Renal Lithiasis
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 8 Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorders
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Overflow Versus Renal Disorders
- Table 8–1 Abnormal Metabolic Constituents or Conditions Detected in the Routine Urinalysis
- Newborn Screening Tests
- Table 8–2 Major Disorders of Protein and Carbohydrate Metabolism Associated With Abnormal Urinary Constituents, Classified by Functional Defect
- Figure 8–1 Specimen collection form for MS/MS newborn screening test.
- Amino Acid Disorders
- Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Disorders
- Phenylketonuria
- Figure 8–2 Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolic pathway including the normal pathway (blue), enzymes (yellow), and disorders caused by failure to inherit particular enzymes (green).
- Tyrosyluria
- PROCEDURE 8-1
- Melanuria
- PROCEDURE 8-2 Nitroso-Naphthol Test for Tyrosine
- Alkaptonuria
- TECHNICAL TIP
- TECHNICAL TIP
- PROCEDURE 8-3 Homogentisic Acid Test
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Branched-Chain Amino Acid Disorders
- Maple Syrup Urine Disease
- Figure 8–3 α-Alpha amino acid and branched chain amino acid structures. A. Structure of an α-amino acid. B. Structure of the branched chain amino acid leucine.
- Organic Acidemias
- Tryptophan Disorders
- PROCEDURE 8-4
- Indicanuria
- 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
- Figure 8–4 Tryptophan metabolism.
- Cystine Disorders
- PROCEDURE 8-5
- Cystinuria
- PROCEDURE 8-6 Silver Nitroprusside Test for Homocystine
- Cystinosis
- Homocystinuria
- Porphyrin Disorders
- PROCEDURE 8-7
- Figure 8–5 Pathway of heme formation, including normal pathway (green), enzymes (orange), and stages affected by the major disorders (yellow) of porphyrin metabolism.
- Table 8–3 Common Porphyrias
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Vampires in Old Europe
- Mucopolysaccharide Disorders
- PROCEDURE 8-8 Watson-Schwartz Differentiation Test
- PROCEDURE 8-9 Watson-Schwartz reactions.
- PROCEDURE 8-10
- Purine Disorders
- Carbohydrate Disorders
- PROCEDURE 8-11
- TECHNICAL TIP
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- PART THREE Other Body Fluids
- CHAPTER 9 Cerebrospinal Fluid
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Formation and Physiology
- Figure 9–1 The layers of the meninges. A, the layers of the meninges in the brain. B, the layers of the meninges in the spinal cord.
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Figure 9–2 The flow of CSF through the brain and spinal column.
- Appearance
- Figure 9–3 CSF specimen collection tubes.
- TECHNICAL TIP
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Figure 9–4 Tubes of CSF. Appearance left to right is normal, xanthochromic, hemolyzed, and cloudy.
- Traumatic Collection (Tap)
- Uneven Blood Distribution
- Table 9–1 Clinical Significance of CSF Appearance
- Clot Formation
- Xanthochromic Supernatant
- Cell Count
- Methodology
- Figure 9–5 Neubauer counting chamber depicting the nine large square counting areas.
- Calculating CSF Cell Counts
- EXAMPLE
- Total Cell Count
- WBC Count
- Quality Control of CSF and Other Body Fluid Cell Counts
- Differential Count on a CSF Specimen
- Cytocentrifugation
- Figure 9–6 Cytospin 3 cytocentrifuge specimen processing assembly
- CSF Cellular Constituents
- Table 9–2 Cytocentrifuge Recovery Chart7
- Figure 9–7 Normal lymphocytes. Some cytocentrifuge distortion of cytoplasm (x1000).
- Figure 9–8 Normal lymphocytes and monocytes (x500).
- Neutrophils
- Table 9–3 Predominant Cells Seen in CSF
- Figure 9–9 Neutrophils with cytoplasmic vacuoles resulting from cytocentrifugation (x500).
- Figure 9–10 Neutrophils with intracellular bacteria (x1000).
- Figure 9–11 Neutrophils with intracellular and extracellular bacteria (x1000).
- Figure 9–12 Neutrophils with pyknotic nuclei. Notice the cell with a single nucleus in the center (x1000).
- Figure 9–13 Nucleated RBCs seen with bone marrow contamination (x1000).
- Lymphocytes and Monocytes
- Figure 9–14 Bone marrow contamination (x1000). Notice the immature RBCs and granulocytes.
- Figure 9–15 Capillary and tissue fragments from a traumatic tap (x100).
- Figure 9–16 Broad spectrum of lymphocytes and monocytes in viral meningitis (x1000).
- Eosinophils
- Macrophages
- Nonpathologically Significant Cells
- Figure 9–17 Eosinophils (x1000). Notice cytocentrifuge distortion.
- Figure 9–18 Macrophages. Notice the large amount of cytoplasm and vacuoles (x500).
- Figure 9–19 Macrophages showing erythrophagocytosis (x500).
- Figure 9–20 Macrophage with RBC remnants (x500).
- Figure 9–21 Macrophage with aggregated hemosiderin granules (x500).
- Figure 9–22 Macrophage containing hemosiderin stained with Prussian blue (x250).
- Figure 9–23 Macrophage with coarse hemosiderin granules (x500).
- Figure 9–24 Macrophage containing hemosiderin and hematoidin crystals (x500).
- Figure 9–25 Macrophages with hemosiderin and hematoidin (x250). Notice the bright yellow color.
- Figure 9–26 Choroidal cells showing distinct cell borders and nuclear uniformity (x500).
- Figure 9–27 Ependymal cells. Notice the nucleoli and less distinct cell borders (x1000).
- Malignant Cells of Hematologic Origin
- Figure 9–28 Cluster of spindle-shaped cells (x500).
- Figure 9–29 Lymphoblasts from acute lymphocytic leukemia (x500).
- Figure 9–30 Myeloblasts from acute myelocytic leukemia (x500).
- Figure 9–31 Monoblasts and two lymphocytes (x1000). Notice the prominent nucleoli.
- Figure 9–32 Cleaved and noncleaved lymphoma cells (x1000).
- Figure 9–33 Lymphoma cells with nucleoli (x500).
- Malignant Cells of Nonhematologic Origin
- Figure 9–34 Burkitt lymphoma. Notice characteristic vacuoles (x500).
- Figure 9–35 Medulloblastoma (x1000). Notice cellular clustering, nuclear irregularities, and rosette formation.
- Chemistry Tests
- Cerebrospinal Protein
- Clinical Significance of Elevated Protein Values
- Methodology
- Protein Fractions
- Table 9–4 Clinical Causes of Abnormal CSF Protein Values*
- Electrophoresis and Immunophoretic Techniques
- Figure 9–36 Normal and abnormal oligoclonal banding.
- Myelin Basic Protein
- CSF Glucose
- CSF Lactate
- CSF Glutamine
- Microbiology Tests
- Table 9–5 CSF Chemistry Tests
- Gram Stain
- Table 9–6 Major Laboratory Results for Differential Diagnosis of Meningitis
- Figure 9–37 India ink preparation of C. neoformans (x400). Notice budding yeast form.
- Figure 9–38 Gram stain of C. neoformans showing starburst pattern (x1000).
- Serologic Testing
- Figure 9–39 Naegleria fowleri trophozoite.
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 10 Semen
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Physiology
- Table 10–1 Semen Composition
- Figure 10–1 The male genitalia. Top, sagittal view; bottom, anterior view.
- Specimen Collection
- SUMMARY 10-1 Semen Production
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Specimen Handling
- Semen Analysis
- Appearance
- Table 10–2 Reference Values for Semen Analysis5
- Liquefaction
- Volume
- Viscosity
- PROCEDURE 10-1
- PROCEDURE 10-2
- TECHNICAL TIP
- pH
- Sperm Concentration and Sperm Count
- Figure 10–2 Areas of the Neubauer counting chamber used for red and white blood cell counts. W, typical WBC counting area; R, typical RBC counting area.
- Calculating Sperm Concentration and Sperm Count
- EXAMPLES
- Sperm Motility
- Table 10–3 Sperm Motility Grading
- Table 10–4 Alternative Sperm Motility Grading Criteria1
- Sperm Morphology
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Figure 10–3 Normal spermatozoon structure.
- Figure 10–4 Spermatozoon with double head, hematoxylin-eosin (×1000).
- Figure 10–5 Spermatozoon with amorphous head, hematoxylin-eosin (×1000).
- Figure 10–6 Spermatozoon with double tail, hematoxylin-eosin (×1000).
- Calculating Round Cells
- Additional Testing
- Figure 10–7 Common abnormalities of sperm heads and tails.
- Figure 10–8 Spermatozoon with bent neck and spermatid, hematoxylin-eosin (×1000).
- Figure 10–9 Immature spermatozoa, hematoxylin-eosin (×1000).
- Sperm Vitality
- Seminal Fluid Fructose
- Table 10–5 Additional Testing for Abnormal Semen Analysis
- Figure 10–10 Nonviable spermatozoa demonstrated by the eosin-nigrosin stain (×1000).
- PROCEDURE 10-3
- Antisperm Antibodies
- Microbial and Chemical Testing
- Table 10–6 Reference Semen Chemical Values1
- Postvasectomy Semen Analysis
- Sperm Function Tests
- Semen Analysis Quality Control
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Table 10–7 Sperm Function Tests
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 11 Synovial Fluid
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Physiology
- Figure 11–1 A synovial joint.
- Table 11–1 Normal Synovial Fluid Values2
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Table 11–2 Classification and Pathologic Significance of Joint Disorders
- Table 11–3 Laboratory Findings in Joint Disorders3
- Table 11–4 Required Tube Types for Synovial Fluid Tests
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Color and Clarity
- Viscosity
- Cell Counts
- Differential Count
- Table 11–5 Cells and Inclusions Seen in Synovial Fluid
- Crystal Identification
- Types of Crystals
- Table 11–6 Characteristics of Synovial Fluid Crystals
- Slide Preparation
- Crystal Polarization
- Figure 11–2 Unstained wet prep of MSU crystals (×400). Notice the characteristic yellow-brown of the urate crystals.
- Figure 11–3 Wright’s-stained neutrophils containing CPPD crystals (×1000).
- Figure 11–4 Strongly birefringent MSU crystals under polarized light (×500).
- Figure 11–5 Weakly birefringent CPPD crystals under polarized light (×1000).
- Figure 11–6 Extracellular MSU crystals under compensated polarized light. Notice the change in color with crystal alignment (×100).
- Figure 11–7 MSU crystals under compensated polarized light. The yellow crystal is aligned with the slow vibration (×500).
- Figure 11–8 CPPD crystals under compensated polarized light. The blue crystal is aligned with the slow vibration (×1000).
- Chemistry Tests
- Figure 11–9 Negative and positive birefringence in MSU and CPPD crystals. (A) MSU crystal with grain running parallel to the long axis. The slow ray passes with the grain, producing negative (yellow) birefringence. (B) CPPD crystal with grain running perpendicular to the long axis. The slow ray passes against the grain and is retarded, producing positive (blue) birefringence.
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Microbiologic Tests
- Serologic Tests
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 12 Serous Fluid
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Formation
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Figure 12–1 The body areas and membranes where serous fluid is produced.
- Figure 12–2 The normal formation and absorption of pleural fluid.
- Table 12–1 Pathologic Causes of Effusions
- Transudates and Exudates
- General Laboratory Procedures
- Table 12–2 Laboratory Differentiation of Transudates and Exudates
- Pleural Fluid
- Appearance
- Table 12–3 Correlation of Pleural Fluid Appearance and Disease5
- Hematology Tests
- Table 12–4 Differentiation Between Chylous and Pseudochylous Pleural Effusions
- Table 12–5 Significance of Cells Seen in Pleural Fluid
- Figure 12–3 Systemic lupus erythematosus cell in pleural fluid. Notice the ingested “round body” (×1000).
- Figure 12–4 Normal pleural fluid mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes (×250).
- Figure 12–5 Normal mesothelial cell (×500).
- Figure 12–6 Reactive mesothelial cells showing eccentric nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm (×500).
- Figure 12–7 One normal and two reactive mesothelial cells with a multinucleated form (×500).
- Figure 12–8 Pleural fluid plasma cells seen in a case of tuberculosis. Notice the absence of mesothelial cells (×1000).
- Figure 12–9 Pleural fluid adenocarcinoma showing cytoplasmic molding (×250).
- Figure 12–10 Pleural fluid adenocarcinoma showing nuclear and cytoplasmic molding and vacuolated cytoplasm (×1000).
- Figure 12–11 Enhancement of nuclear irregularities using a toluidine blue stain (×250).
- Figure 12–12 Poorly differentiated pleural fluid adenocarcinoma showing nuclear irregularities and cytoplasmic vacuoles (×500).
- Figure 12–13 Pleural fluid small cell carcinoma showing nuclear molding (×250).
- Chemistry Tests
- Figure 12–14 Metastatic breast carcinoma cells in pleural fluid. Notice the hyperchromatic nucleoli (×1000).
- Table 12–6 Characteristics of Malignant Cells
- Table 12–7 Significance of Chemical Testing of Pleural Fluid
- Microbiologic and Serologic Tests
- Pericardial Fluid
- Figure 12–15 Algorithm of pleural fluid testing.
- Table 12–8 Significance of Pericardial Fluid Testing
- Appearance
- Laboratory Tests
- Figure 12–16 Malignant pericardial effusion showing giant mesothelioma cell with cytoplasmic molding and hyperchromatic nucleoli (×1000).
- Peritoneal Fluid
- Transudates Versus Exudates
- Table 12–9 Significance of Peritoneal Fluid Testing
- EXAMPLE
- Appearance
- Laboratory Tests
- Cellular Examination
- Figure 12–17 Lipophages (macrophages containing fat droplets) in peritoneal fluid (×500).
- Figure 12–18 Budding yeast in peritoneal fluid (×400).
- Figure 12–19 Ovarian carcinoma showing community borders, nuclear irregularity, and hyperchromatic nucleoli (×500).
- Figure 12–20 Ovarian carcinoma cells with large mucin-containing vacuoles (×500).
- Figure 12–21 Adenocarcinoma of the prostate showing cytoplasmic vacuoles, community borders, and hyperchromatic nucleoli (×500).
- Figure 12–22 Colon carcinoma cells containing mucin vacuoles and nuclear irregularities (×400).
- Figure 12–23 Psammoma bodies exhibiting concentric striations (×500).
- Chemical Testing
- Microbiology Tests
- Serologic Tests
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 13 Amniotic Fluid
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Physiology
- Function
- Volume
- Table 13–1 Tests for Fetal Well-Being and Maturity
- Figure 13–1 Fetus in amniotic sac.
- Chemical Composition
- Differentiating Maternal Urine From Amniotic Fluid
- Specimen Collection
- Indications for Amniocentesis
- Table 13–2 Indications for Performing Amniocentesis
- Collection
- Specimen Handling and Processing
- Color and Appearance
- Tests for Fetal Distress
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Table 13–3 Amniotic Fluid Color
- Figure 13–2 Rh antibodies crossing the placenta.
- Figure 13–3 Spectrophotometric bilirubin scan showing bilirubin and oxyhemoglobin peaks.
- Neural Tube Defects
- Figure 13–4 Example of a Liley graph.
- Tests for Fetal Maturity
- Fetal Lung Maturity
- Lecithin-Sphingomyelin Ratio
- Phosphatidyl Glycerol
- Foam Stability Index
- Lamellar Bodies
- PROCEDURE 13-1 Foam Shake Test
- PROCEDURE 13-2 Foam Stability Index
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Microviscosity: Fluorescence Polarization Assay
- Lamellar Body Count
- PROCEDURE 13-3 Lamellar Body Count18
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 14 Fecal Analysis
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Physiology
- Figure 14–1 Fluid regulation in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Diarrhea and Steatorrhea
- Diarrhea
- Secretory Diarrhea
- TECHNICAL TIP
- Osmotic Diarrhea
- Table 14–1 Common Fecal Tests for Diarrhea
- Table 14–2 Differential Features for Diarrhea
- Altered Motility
- Steatorrhea
- Specimen Collection
- Macroscopic Screening
- Color
- Appearance
- Table 14–3 Macroscopic Stool Characteristics12,26
- Microscopic Examination of Feces
- Fecal Leukocytes
- Muscle Fibers
- PROCEDURE 14-1 Methylene Blue Stain for Fecal Leukocytes
- Qualitative Fecal Fats
- Figure 14–2 Meat fibers present in fecal emulsion specimen using brightfield microscopy examination (×400).
- Figure 14–3 Note striations on meat fiber present in a fecal emulsion specimen (×1000).
- PROCEDURE 14-2 Muscle Fibers
- Figure 14–4 Several orange-red neutral fat globules present in a fecal suspension stained with Sudan III (×400).
- PROCEDURE 14-3 Neutral Fat Stain
- PROCEDURE 14-4 Split Fat Stain
- Chemical Testing of Feces
- Occult Blood
- Guaiac-Based Fecal Occult Blood Tests
- Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test
- Porphyrin-Based Fecal Occult Blood Test
- Quantitative Fecal Fat Testing
- TECHNICAL TIP
- SUMMARY 14-1 gFOBT Interference
- False-Positive
- False-Negative
- PROCEDURE 14-5 Acid Steatocrit
- APT Test (Fetal Hemoglobin)
- Table 14–4 Tests, Materials, and Instrumentation for Fecal Fat Analysis19
- PROCEDURE 14-6 APT Test
- Fecal Enzymes
- HISTORICAL NOTE
- Screening Test for Fecal Trypsin
- Carbohydrates
- Table 14–5 Fecal Screening Tests
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- CHAPTER 15 Vaginal Secretions
- LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- KEY TERMS
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Table 15–1 Clinical Features and Laboratory Findings in Vaginitis2
- Color and Appearance
- Diagnostic Tests
- pH
- Table 15–2 Normal Findings in Vaginal Secretions
- Microscopic Procedures
- PROCEDURE 15-1 pH Test
- Wet Mount Examination
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Table 15–3 Quantitation Scheme for Microscopic Examinations2
- Figure 15–1 Squamous epithelial cells identifiable under low power (×100).
- Clue Cells
- White Blood Cells
- Figure 15–2 Clump of squamous epithelial cells (×400).
- Figure 15–3 Clue cells (×400).
- Figure 15–4 White blood cells. Notice the multilobed nucleoli (×400).
- Red Blood Cells
- Parabasal Cells
- Figure 15–5 Normal red blood cells (×400).
- Figure 15–6 Parabasal cell surrounded by epithelial cells (×400).
- Basal Cells
- Bacteria
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Figure 15–7 Bacteria. A, Large rods characteristic of Lactobacilli, the predominant bacteria in normal vaginal secretions (×400). B, Bacteria with white blood cells (×400).
- Yeast Cells
- Figure 15–8 Trichomonas vaginalis.
- Figure 15–9 Trichomonas vaginalis in wet mount.
- KOH Preparation and Amine Test
- Figure 15–10 Budding yeast cells (×400).
- Figure 15–11 Yeast cells showing mycelial forms (×400).
- Other Diagnostic Tests
- Gram Stain
- PROCEDURE 15-2 Saline Wet Mount2
- PROCEDURE 15-3 KOH Preparation2
- PROCEDURE 15-4 Amine (Whiff) Test
- Table 15–4 Nugent’s Gram Stain Criteria to Diagnose Bacterial Vaginosis
- Culture
- DNA Testing
- Point of Care Tests
- Vaginal Disorders
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Trichomoniasis
- Candidiasis
- Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis
- Atrophic Vaginitis
- Additional Vaginal Secretion Procedures
- Fetal Fibronectin Test
- AmniSure Test
- References
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Back Matter
- APPENDIX A Urine and Body Fluid Analysis Automation
- Urinalysis Automation
- Table A–1 Measurement Technology Methods in Automated Urinalysis
- Semi-Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers
- Table A–2 Urinalysis Automation
- Fully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers
- Figure A–1 DiaScreen50 semi-automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–2 Cobas u 411 urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–3 Urisys 1100 semi-automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–4 Clintek Status + Analyzer. A, Clinitek Status Connect with Barcode Stand. B, Clinitek Status with test strip.
- Figure A–5 Clinitek Advantus semi-automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–6 iChem 100 semi-automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Automated Microscopy
- Figure A–7 Urisys 2400 automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–8 Clinitek Atlas automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Sysmex UF-1000i
- Figure A–9 Aution Max AX-4030 fully automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–10 iChem Velocity automated urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–11 Sysmex UF 1000i urine chemistry analyzer.
- Figure A–12 Diagram of urine particle analysis in the Sysmex UF1000i.
- Figure A–13 Staining elements for the Sysmex UF1000i.
- Figure A–14 UF1000i signal waveform for cells.
- iQ 200
- Figure A–15 Scattergram showing Sysmex UF1000i microscopy results.
- Figure A–16 iQ 200 microscopy analyzer.
- Figure A–17 Diagram of the iQ 200 digital flow capture process.
- Figure A–18 Auto-Particle Recognition (APR) process.
- Figure A–19 iQ 200 urinalysis results display, showing particle categories available for analysis or counting.
- Automated Urinalysis Systems
- Figure A–20 AUWi, a fully automated urinalysis system that combines the Siemens Clinitek Atlas Chemistry analyzer and the Sysmex UF-1000i particle analyzer.
- Figure A–21 iRICELL3000, a fully automated Urinalysis System that combines the iChem Velocity urine chemistry analyzer and the iQ 200 microscopy analyzer.
- Body Fluid Analysis Automation
- References
- Additional Information Sources
- APPENDIX B Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- White and Red Blood Cell Counts
- Leukocytes
- Figure B–1 Bronchoalveolar lavage: Normal macrophages and lymphocytes (×1000).
- Erythrocytes
- Epithelial Cells
- Figure B–2 Bronchoalveolar lavage: Ciliated bronchial epithelial cells; notice the eosinophilic bar (×1000).
- Fungi, Viruses, and Bacteria
- Figure B–3 Bronchoalveolar lavage: Amorphous material associated with P. carinii when examined under low power (×100).
- Figure B–4 Bronchoalveolar lavage: Characteristic cup-shaped organisms indicating P. carinii (×1000).
- Cytology
- References
- Answers to Study Questions and Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 1
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 2
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 3
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 4
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 5
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 6
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 7
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 8
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 9
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 10
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 11
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 12
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 13
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 14
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Chapter 15
- Study Questions
- Case Studies and Clinical Situations
- Abbreviations
- Glossary
- Index
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