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Product Details:

  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134399412
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134399416
  • Author:   Cindy Stanfield 

Principles of Human Physiology, Sixth Edition uses a precise and clear-cut writing style to offer lasting comprehension for Human Physiology students, extending to real-life application in the field. The Sixth Edition provides essential digital resources to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The exceptional art program is consistent, scientifically accurate, and visually appealing. Stanfield’s renowned flexible pedagogy allows instructors to choose what is essential to students when mapping out their course.

MasteringA&P provides a framework for students to practice solving clinical problems, think conceptually, and apply new knowledge. Assigning interactive tutorials and coaching activities in MasteringA&P directs student learning on the toughest topics and provides a comprehensive and engaging learning environment.

 

Table of Content:

  1. 1 Introduction to Physiology
  2. Chapter Outline
  3. Learning Outcomes
  4. 1.1 Organization of the Body
  5. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
  6. Cells and Tissues
  7. Organs and Organ Systems
  8. Quick Check 1.1
  9. The Overall Body Plan: A Simplified View
  10. The Body’s External Environment
  11. The Body’s Internal Environment
  12. The Exchange of Materials Between the External and Internal Environments
  13. Body Fluid Compartments
  14. Quick Check 1.2
  15. 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology
  16. Apply Your Knowledge
  17. Negative Feedback Control in Homeostasis
  18. Quick Check 1.3
  19. 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic
  20. Prevalence of Diabetes
  21. Obesity and Diabetes
  22. Classification of Diabetes
  23. Diabetes Mellitus
  24. Gestational Diabetes
  25. Prediabetes
  26. Diabetes Insipidus
  27. Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
  28. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
  29. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
  30. Chapter Review
  31. Summary
  32. 1.1 Organization of the Body, p. 2
  33. 1.2 Homeostasis: A Central Organizing Principle of Physiology, p. 9
  34. 1.3 The Diabetes Epidemic, p. 13
  35. Exercises
  36. Multiple-Choice Questions
  37. Objective Questions
  38. Essay Questions
  39. Critical Thinking
  40. 2 The Cell Structure and Function
  41. Chapter Outline
  42. Learning Outcomes
  43. Before You Begin
  44. 2.1 Biomolecules
  45. Carbohydrates
  46. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
  47. Synthesis and Breakdown of Saccharides
  48. Lipids
  49. Triglycerides
  50. Phospholipids
  51. Apply Your Knowledge
  52. Eicosanoids
  53. Steroids
  54. Amino Acids and Proteins
  55. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
  56. Quick Check 2.1
  57. 2.2 Cell Structure
  58. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
  59. Phospholipid Bilayer
  60. Membrane Proteins
  61. Apply Your Knowledge
  62. Membrane Carbohydrates
  63. Structure of the Nucleus
  64. Contents of the Cytosol
  65. Structure of Membranous Organelles
  66. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  67. Golgi Apparatus
  68. Mitochondria
  69. Lysosomes
  70. Peroxisomes
  71. Structure of Nonmembranous Organelles
  72. Ribosomes
  73. Vaults
  74. Centrioles
  75. Cytoskeleton
  76. Apply Your Knowledge
  77. Quick Check 2.2
  78. 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
  79. Tight Junctions
  80. Desmosomes
  81. Gap Junctions
  82. 2.4 General Cell Functions
  83. Metabolism
  84. Cellular Transport
  85. Intercellular Communication
  86. Quick Check 2.3
  87. 2.5 Protein Synthesis
  88. The Role of the Genetic Code
  89. Transcription
  90. Translation
  91. Apply Your Knowledge
  92. Destination of Proteins
  93. Post-translational Processing and Packaging of Proteins
  94. Regulation of Protein Synthesis
  95. Regulation of Transcription
  96. Regulation of Translation
  97. Protein Degradation
  98. Quick Check 2.4
  99. 2.6 Cell Division
  100. Replication of DNA
  101. The Cell Cycle
  102. Quick Check 2.5
  103. Chapter Review
  104. Summary
  105. 2.1 Biomolecules, p. 19
  106. 2.2 Cell Structure, p. 29
  107. 2.3 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions, p. 39
  108. 2.4 General Cell Functions, p. 40
  109. 2.5 Protein Synthesis, p. 42
  110. 2.6 Cell Division, p. 50
  111. Exercises
  112. Multiple-Choice Questions
  113. Objective Questions
  114. Essay Questions
  115. Critical Thinking
  116. 3 Cell Metabolism
  117. Chapter Outline
  118. Learning Outcomes
  119. Before You Begin
  120. 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions
  121. Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions
  122. Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Reactions
  123. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
  124. Quick Check 3.1
  125. 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy
  126. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
  127. Energy Changes in Reactions
  128. How the Energy Change of a Reaction Determines Its Direction
  129. Chemical Equilibrium
  130. The Law of Mass Action
  131. Apply Your Knowledge
  132. Activation Energy
  133. Quick Check 3.2
  134. 3.3 Reaction Rates
  135. Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reactions
  136. Reactant and Product Concentrations
  137. Temperature
  138. The Height of the Activation Energy Barrier
  139. The Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions
  140. Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
  141. Substrate Specificity
  142. Cofactors and Coenzymes
  143. Apply Your Knowledge
  144. Factors Affecting the Rates of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
  145. Catalytic Rate
  146. Substrate Concentration
  147. Enzyme Concentration
  148. Affinity
  149. Other Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
  150. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
  151. Allosteric Regulation
  152. Covalent Regulation
  153. Feedback Inhibition
  154. Feedforward Activation
  155. Quick Check 3.3
  156. 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange
  157. 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism
  158. Coupling Glucose Oxidation to ATP Synthesis
  159. Quick Check 3.4
  160. 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  161. Glycolysis
  162. The Krebs Cycle
  163. The Linking Step
  164. Reactions of the Krebs Cycle
  165. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  166. The Electron Transport Chain
  167. Chemiosmotic Coupling
  168. Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation
  169. Apply Your Knowledge
  170. Summary of Glucose Oxidation
  171. Glucose Catabolism in the Absence of Oxygen
  172. Quick Check 3.5
  173. 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
  174. Glycogen Metabolism
  175. Gluconeogenesis: Formation of New Glucose
  176. Fat Metabolism
  177. Protein Metabolism
  178. Quick Check 3.6
  179. Chapter Review
  180. Summary
  181. 3.1 Types of Metabolic Reactions, p. 57
  182. 3.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy, p. 59
  183. 3.3 Reaction Rates, p. 63
  184. 3.4 ATP: The Medium of Energy Exchange, p. 72
  185. 3.5 Glucose Oxidation: The Central Reaction of Energy Metabolism, p. 73
  186. 3.6 Stages of Glucose Oxidation: Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation, p. 74
  187. 3.7 Energy Storage and Use: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins, p. 84
  188. Exercises
  189. Multiple-Choice Questions
  190. Objective Questions
  191. Essay Questions
  192. Critical Thinking
  193. 4 Cell Membrane Transport
  194. Chapter Outline
  195. Learning Outcomes
  196. Before You Begin
  197. 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport
  198. Passive Transport Versus Active Transport
  199. Driving Forces Acting on Molecules
  200. Chemical Driving Forces
  201. Quick Check 4.1
  202. Electrical Driving Forces
  203. The Membrane Potential
  204. How the Membrane Potential Creates an Electrical Driving Force That Acts on Ions
  205. Electrochemical Driving Forces
  206. Determining the Direction of the Electrochemical Driving Force
  207. Significance of the Electrochemical Driving Force
  208. Quick Check 4.2
  209. 4.2 Rate of Transport
  210. 4.3 Passive Transport
  211. Simple Diffusion: Passive Transport Through the Lipid Bilayer
  212. The Basis for Simple Diffusion
  213. Factors Affecting Rates of Simple Diffusion
  214. The Magnitude of the Driving Force
  215. Membrane Surface Area
  216. Membrane Permeability
  217. Quick Check 4.3
  218. Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Utilizing Membrane Proteins
  219. Carriers in Facilitated Diffusion
  220. Factors Affecting the Rate of Facilitated Diffusion
  221. Diffusion Through Channels
  222. Diffusion of Water Through Aquaporins
  223. Diffusion Through Ion Channels
  224. Factors Affecting the Rate of Transport Through Ion Channels
  225. Quick Check 4.4
  226. 4.4 Active Transport
  227. Primary Active Transport
  228. Secondary Active Transport
  229. Apply Your Knowledge
  230. Factors Affecting Rates of Active Transport
  231. Coexistence of Active and Passive Transport Mechanisms in Cells
  232. Quick Check 4.5
  233. 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes
  234. Osmolarity
  235. Apply Your Knowledge
  236. Osmotic Pressure
  237. Tonicity
  238. Apply Your Knowledge
  239. 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments
  240. Transport of Molecules into Cells by Endocytosis
  241. Transport of Molecules Out of Cells by Exocytosis
  242. Quick Check 4.6
  243. 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes
  244. Epithelial Structure
  245. Epithelial Solute Transport
  246. Epithelial Water Transport
  247. Transcytosis
  248. Quick Check 4.7
  249. Chapter Review
  250. Summary
  251. 4.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport, p. 94
  252. 4.2 Rate of Transport, p. 100
  253. 4.3 Passive Transport, p. 101
  254. 4.4 Active Transport, p. 106
  255. 4.5 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes, p. 110
  256. 4.6 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments, p. 114
  257. 4.7 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes, p. 117
  258. Exercises
  259. Multiple-Choice Questions
  260. Objective Questions
  261. Essay Questions
  262. Critical Thinking
  263. 5 Chemical Messengers
  264. Chapter Outline
  265. Learning Outcomes
  266. Before You Begin
  267. 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication
  268. Direct Communication Through Gap Junctions
  269. Indirect Communication Through Chemical Messengers
  270. 5.2 Chemical Messengers
  271. Functional Classification of Chemical Messengers
  272. Chemical Classification of Messengers
  273. Amino Acid Messengers
  274. Amine Messengers
  275. Peptide/Protein Messengers
  276. Steroid Messengers
  277. Eicosanoid Messengers
  278. Quick Check 5.1
  279. Synthesis and Release of Chemical Messengers
  280. Amino Acids
  281. Amines
  282. Catecholamines
  283. Serotonin
  284. Histamine
  285. Peptides and Proteins
  286. Steroids
  287. Apply Your Knowledge
  288. Eicosanoids
  289. Transport of Messengers
  290. Quick Check 5.2
  291. 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms
  292. Properties of Receptors
  293. The Relationship Between Receptor Binding and the Magnitude of the Target Cell Response
  294. Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
  295. Apply Your Knowledge
  296. Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Intracellular Receptors
  297. Mechanism of Action for Steroid Hormones
  298. Mechanism of Action for Thyroid Hormones and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
  299. Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Responses Mediated by Membrane-Bound Receptors
  300. Channel-Linked Receptors
  301. Enzyme-Linked Receptors
  302. G Protein–Linked Receptors
  303. cAMP Second Messenger System
  304. Apply Your Knowledge
  305. cGMP Second Messenger System
  306. Phosphatidylinositol Second Messenger System
  307. Signal Amplification in Chemical Messenger Systems
  308. Quick Check 5.3
  309. 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
  310. Chapter Review
  311. Summary
  312. 5.1 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication, p. 125
  313. 5.2 Chemical Messengers, p. 126
  314. 5.3 Signal Transduction Mechanisms, p. 134
  315. 5.4 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems, p. 144
  316. Exercises
  317. Multiple-Choice Questions
  318. Objective Questions
  319. Essay Questions
  320. Critical Thinking
  321. 6 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions
  322. Chapter Outline
  323. Learning Outcomes
  324. Before You Begin
  325. 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs
  326. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
  327. Neural Connection Between the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland
  328. Blood Connection Between the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland
  329. Anatomy of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System
  330. Tropic Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
  331. Quick Check 6.1
  332. Pineal Gland
  333. Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
  334. Thymus
  335. Adrenal Glands
  336. Pancreas
  337. Gonads
  338. 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs
  339. Quick Check 6.2
  340. 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell
  341. Control of Hormone Levels in Blood
  342. Rate of Hormone Secretion
  343. Transport of Hormones Bound to Carrier Proteins
  344. Rate of Hormone Metabolism
  345. 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones
  346. Apply Your Knowledge
  347. 6.5 Hormone Interactions
  348. Quick Check 6.3
  349. Chapter Review
  350. Summary
  351. 6.1 Primary Endocrine Organs, p. 149
  352. 6.2 Secondary Endocrine Organs, p. 156
  353. 6.3 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell, p. 158
  354. 6.4 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones, p. 161
  355. 6.5 Hormone Interactions, p. 162
  356. Exercises
  357. Multiple-Choice Questions
  358. Objective Questions
  359. Essay Questions
  360. Critical Thinking
  361. 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
  362. Chapter Outline
  363. Learning Outcomes
  364. Before You Begin
  365. 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System
  366. 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System
  367. Neurons
  368. Localization of Ion Channels in Neurons
  369. Structural Classification of Neurons
  370. Functional Classification of Neurons
  371. Structural Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System
  372. Glial Cells
  373. Quick Check 7.1
  374. 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential
  375. Determining the Equilibrium Potentials for Potassium and Sodium Ions
  376. Membrane Potential of a Cell Permeable Only to Potassium
  377. Membrane Potential of a Cell Permeable Only to Sodium
  378. Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
  379. Apply Your Knowledge
  380. Neurons at Rest
  381. Apply Your Knowledge
  382. 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential
  383. Describing Changes in Membrane Potential
  384. Graded Potentials
  385. Graded Potentials Are Decremental
  386. Graded Potentials Can Be Depolarizations or Hyperpolarizations
  387. Summation of Graded Potentials
  388. Action Potentials
  389. Ionic Basis of an Action Potential
  390. The Role of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Action Potentials
  391. The All-or-None Principle of Action Potentials
  392. Quick Check 7.4
  393. Refractory Periods
  394. Apply Your Knowledge
  395. Quick Check 7.5
  396. Propagation of Action Potentials
  397. Propagation of Action Potentials in Unmyelinated Axons
  398. Action Potential Propagation in Myelinated Axons
  399. Apply Your Knowledge
  400. 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability
  401. Quick Check 7.6
  402. Chapter Review
  403. Summary
  404. 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System, p. 167
  405. 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System, p. 168
  406. 7.3 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential, p. 174
  407. 7.4 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential, p. 179
  408. 7.5 Maintaining Neural Stability, p. 192
  409. Exercises
  410. Multiple-Choice Questions
  411. Objective Questions
  412. Essay Questions
  413. Critical Thinking
  414. 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration
  415. Chapter Outline
  416. Learning Outcomes
  417. Before You Begin
  418. 8.1 Electrical Synapses
  419. 8.2 Chemical Synapses
  420. Functional Anatomy of Chemical Synapses
  421. Apply Your Knowledge
  422. Quick Check 8.1
  423. Signal Transduction Mechanisms at Chemical Synapses
  424. Excitatory Synapses
  425. Inhibitory Synapses
  426. Quick Check 8.2
  427. 8.3 Neural Integration
  428. Summation
  429. Temporal Summation
  430. Spatial Summation
  431. Frequency Coding
  432. Quick Check 8.3
  433. 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation
  434. Presynaptic Facilitation
  435. Presynaptic Inhibition
  436. Apply Your Knowledge
  437. Quick Check 8.4
  438. 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation
  439. Acetylcholine
  440. Biogenic Amines
  441. Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
  442. Purines
  443. Neuropeptides
  444. Unique Neurotransmitters
  445. Quick Check 8.5
  446. Chapter Review
  447. Summary
  448. 8.1 Electrical Synapses, p. 197
  449. 8.2 Chemical Synapses, p. 197
  450. 8.3 Neural Integration, p. 203
  451. 8.4 Presynaptic Modulation, p. 205
  452. 8.5 Neurotransmitters: Structure, Synthesis, and Degradation, p. 207
  453. Exercises
  454. Multiple-Choice Questions
  455. Objective Questions
  456. Essay Questions
  457. Critical Thinking
  458. 9 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
  459. Chapter Outline
  460. Learning Outcomes
  461. Before You Begin
  462. 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
  463. Glial Cells
  464. Astrocytes
  465. Microglia
  466. Physical Support of the Central Nervous System
  467. Apply Your Knowledge
  468. Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System
  469. The Blood-Brain Barrier
  470. Gray Matter and White Matter
  471. Quick Check 9.1
  472. 9.2 The Spinal Cord
  473. Spinal Nerves
  474. Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter
  475. Apply Your Knowledge
  476. Quick Check 9.2
  477. 9.3 The Brain
  478. Cerebral Cortex
  479. Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
  480. Brain Lateralization
  481. Subcortical Nuclei
  482. Diencephalon
  483. Thalamus
  484. Hypothalamus
  485. Limbic System
  486. Quick Check 9.3
  487. 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes
  488. Stretch Reflex
  489. Apply Your Knowledge
  490. Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes
  491. Pupillary Light Reflex
  492. Quick Check 9.4
  493. 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control
  494. Neural Components for Smooth Voluntary Movements
  495. Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement
  496. Ventromedial Pathways Control Voluntary and Involuntary Movements
  497. The Control of Posture by the Brainstem
  498. The Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Coordination
  499. The Basal Nuclei in Motor Control
  500. Quick Check 9.5
  501. 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language
  502. 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep
  503. Functions of Sleep
  504. Sleep-Wake Cycles
  505. Electrical Activity During Wakefulness and Sleep
  506. Quick Check 9.6
  507. 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation
  508. 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory
  509. Learning
  510. Memory
  511. Plasticity in the Nervous System
  512. Quick Check 9.7
  513. Chapter Review
  514. Summary
  515. 9.1 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System, p. 216
  516. 9.2 The Spinal Cord, p. 224
  517. 9.3 The Brain, p. 229
  518. 9.4 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes, p. 236
  519. 9.5 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control, p. 238
  520. 9.6 Integrated CNS Function: Language, p. 242
  521. 9.7 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep, p. 242
  522. 9.8 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation, p. 245
  523. 9.9 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory, p. 247
  524. Exercises
  525. Multiple-Choice Questions
  526. Objective Questions
  527. Essay Questions
  528. Critical Thinking
  529. 10 The Nervous System: Sensory Systems
  530. Chapter Outline
  531. Learning Outcomes
  532. Before You Begin
  533. 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology
  534. Receptor Physiology
  535. Sensory Transduction
  536. Receptor Adaptation
  537. Sensory Pathways
  538. Quick Check 10.1
  539. Sensory Coding
  540. Coding for Stimulus Type
  541. Coding for Stimulus Intensity
  542. Coding for Stimulus Location
  543. Quick Check 10.2
  544. 10.2 The Somatosensory System
  545. Somatosensory Receptors
  546. Mechanoreceptors in the Skin
  547. Thermoreceptors in the Skin
  548. Nociceptors in the Skin
  549. The Somatosensory Cortex
  550. Somatosensory Pathways
  551. The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway
  552. Apply Your Knowledge
  553. The Spinothalamic Tract
  554. Apply Your Knowledge
  555. Pain Perception
  556. The Pain Response
  557. Visceral Pain
  558. Modulation of Pain Signals
  559. Quick Check 10.3
  560. 10.3 Vision
  561. Anatomy of the Eye
  562. The Nature and Behavior of Light Waves
  563. Accommodation
  564. Clinical Defects in Vision
  565. Regulating the Amount of Light Entering the Eye
  566. Apply Your Knowledge
  567. The Retina
  568. Quick Check 10.4
  569. Phototransduction
  570. Rods versus Cones
  571. Color Vision
  572. Light Input to Circadian Rhythms
  573. Bleaching of Photoreceptors in Light
  574. Neural Processing in the Retina
  575. Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields
  576. Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields
  577. Neural Pathways for Vision
  578. Apply Your Knowledge
  579. Parallel Processing in the Visual System
  580. Depth Perception
  581. Quick Check 10.5
  582. 10.4 The Ear and Hearing
  583. Anatomy of the Ear
  584. The Nature of Sound Waves
  585. Sound Amplification in the Middle Ear
  586. Signal Transduction for Sound
  587. Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea
  588. Functional Anatomy of the Organ of Corti
  589. Sound Transduction by Inner Hair Cells
  590. Coding of Sound Intensity and Pitch in the Cochlea
  591. Neural Pathways for Sound
  592. Quick Check 10.6
  593. 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium
  594. Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
  595. The Semicircular Canals and the Transduction of Rotation
  596. The Utricle and Saccule and the Transduction of Linear Acceleration
  597. Apply Your Knowledge
  598. Neural Pathways for Equilibrium
  599. Quick Check 10.7
  600. 10.6 Taste
  601. Anatomy of Taste Buds
  602. Signal Transduction in Taste
  603. Neural Pathway for Taste
  604. 10.7 Olfaction
  605. Anatomy of the Olfactory System
  606. Olfactory Signal Transduction
  607. Neural Pathway for Olfaction
  608. Quick Check 10.8
  609. Chapter Review
  610. Summary
  611. 10.1 General Principles of Sensory Physiology, p. 254
  612. 10.2 The Somatosensory System, p. 262
  613. 10.3 Vision, p. 269
  614. 10.4 The Ear and Hearing, p. 285
  615. 10.5 The Ear and Equilibrium, p. 292
  616. 10.6 Taste, p. 295
  617. 10.7 Olfaction, p. 297
  618. Exercises
  619. Multiple-Choice Questions
  620. Objective Questions
  621. Essay Questions
  622. Critical Thinking
  623. 11 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems
  624. Chapter Outline
  625. Learning Outcomes
  626. Before You Begin
  627. 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System
  628. Dual Innervation in the Autonomic Nervous System
  629. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
  630. Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System
  631. Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
  632. The Mixed Composition of Autonomic Nerves
  633. Quick Check 11.1
  634. Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Receptors
  635. Types of Cholinergic Receptors
  636. Types of Adrenergic Receptors
  637. Apply Your Knowledge
  638. Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions
  639. Regulation of Autonomic Function
  640. Apply Your Knowledge
  641. Quick Check 11.2
  642. 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System
  643. Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System
  644. The Neuromuscular Junction
  645. Quick Check 11.3
  646. Chapter Review
  647. Summary
  648. 11.1 The Autonomic Nervous System, p. 304
  649. 11.2 The Somatic Nervous System, p. 315
  650. Exercises
  651. Multiple-Choice Questions
  652. Objective Questions
  653. Essay Questions
  654. Critical Thinking
  655. 12 Muscle Physiology
  656. Chapter Outline
  657. Learning Outcomes
  658. Before You Begin
  659. 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure
  660. Structure at the Cellular Level
  661. Structure at the Molecular Level
  662. Quick Check 12.1
  663. 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle
  664. The Sliding-Filament Model
  665. The Crossbridge Cycle: How Muscles Generate Force
  666. Excitation-Contraction Coupling: How Muscle Contractions Are Turned On and Off
  667. The Role of the Neuromuscular Junction in Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  668. The Roles of Calcium, Troponin, and Tropomyosin in Excitation- Contraction Coupling
  669. Apply Your Knowledge
  670. Quick Check 12.2
  671. 12.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
  672. The Twitch
  673. Phases of the Twitch
  674. Isometric and Isotonic Twitches
  675. Factors Affecting the Force Generated by Individual Muscle Fibers
  676. Frequency of Stimulation
  677. Fiber Diameter
  678. Changes in Fiber Length
  679. Apply Your Knowledge
  680. Regulation of the Force Generated by Whole Muscles
  681. Recruitment
  682. The Size Principle
  683. Velocity of Shortening
  684. Quick Check 12.3
  685. 12.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
  686. Muscle Cell Metabolism: How Muscle Cells Generate ATP
  687. The Role of the Creatine/Creatine Phosphate System
  688. How Muscle Cell Metabolism Changes with Exercise Intensity
  689. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
  690. Differences in Speed of Contraction: Fast-Twitch Fibers and Slow-Twitch Fibers
  691. Differences in the Primary Mode of ATP Production: Glycolytic Fibers and Oxidative Fibers
  692. Slow Oxidative, Fast Glycolytic, and Fast Oxidative Fibers
  693. Response of the Three Fiber Types to Exercise
  694. Resistance to Fatigue
  695. Long-Term Responses of Muscles to Exercise
  696. Quick Check 12.4
  697. 12.5 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
  698. Muscle Activity Across Joints
  699. Muscle Receptors for Coordinated Activity
  700. Muscle Spindles
  701. Golgi Tendon Organs
  702. Quick Check 12.5
  703. 12.6 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
  704. Smooth Muscle
  705. The Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  706. Neural Regulation of Contraction
  707. Multi-unit and Single-unit Smooth Muscle
  708. Spontaneous Changes in Membrane Potential
  709. Cardiac Muscle
  710. Apply Your Knowledge
  711. Quick Check 12.6
  712. Chapter Review
  713. Summary
  714. 12.1 Skeletal Muscle Structure, p. 323
  715. 12.2 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle, p. 326
  716. 12.3 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction, p. 331
  717. 12.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, p. 340
  718. 12.5 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity, p. 347
  719. 12.6 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle, p. 350
  720. Exercises
  721. Multiple-Choice Questions
  722. Objective Questions
  723. Essay Questions
  724. Critical Thinking
  725. 13 The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function
  726. Chapter Outline
  727. Learning Outcomes
  728. Before You Begin
  729. 13.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
  730. The Heart
  731. Blood Vessels
  732. Blood
  733. Quick Check 13.1
  734. 13.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature
  735. Series Flow Through the Cardiovascular System
  736. Parallel Flow Within the Systemic or Pulmonary Circuit
  737. Quick Check 13.2
  738. 13.3 Anatomy of the Heart
  739. Myocardium and the Heart Wall
  740. Valves and Unidirectional Blood Flow
  741. Quick Check 13.3
  742. 13.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart
  743. The Conduction System of the Heart
  744. Pacemaker Cells of the Myocardium
  745. Conduction Fibers of the Myocardium
  746. Spread of Excitation Between Cells
  747. Initiation and Conduction of an Impulse During a Heartbeat
  748. Control of the Heartbeat by Pacemakers
  749. Apply Your Knowledge
  750. Spread of Excitation Through the Heart Muscle
  751. The Ionic Basis of Electrical Activity in the Heart
  752. Electrical Activity in Pacemaker Cells
  753. Electrical Activity in Cardiac Contractile Cells
  754. Apply Your Knowledge
  755. Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Contractile Cells
  756. Recording the Electrical Activity of the Heart with an Electrocardiogram
  757. Quick Check 13.4
  758. 13.5 The Cardiac Cycle
  759. Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
  760. Atrial and Ventricular Pressure
  761. Aortic Pressure
  762. Ventricular Volume
  763. Apply Your Knowledge
  764. Pressure-Volume Curve
  765. Heart Sounds
  766. Quick Check 13.5
  767. 13.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control
  768. Apply Your Knowledge
  769. Autonomic Input to the Heart
  770. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Heart Rate
  771. Neural Control of Heart Rate
  772. Hormonal Control of Heart Rate
  773. Integration of Heart Rate Control
  774. Quick Check 13.6
  775. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Changes in Stroke Volume
  776. The Influence of Ventricular Contractility on Stroke Volume
  777. Sympathetic Nervous Control of Ventricular Contractility
  778. Hormonal Control of Ventricular Contractility
  779. The Influence of End-Diastolic Volume on Stroke Volume: Starling’s Law
  780. The Starling Curve
  781. Significance of Starling’s Law
  782. Factors Affecting End-Diastolic Volume
  783. The Influence of Afterload on Stroke Volume
  784. Summary of Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
  785. Integration of Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
  786. Quick Check 13.7
  787. Chapter Review
  788. Summary
  789. 13.1 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System, p. 360
  790. 13.2 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature, p. 362
  791. 13.3 Anatomy of the Heart, p. 365
  792. 13.4 Electrical Activity of the Heart, p. 367
  793. 13.5 The Cardiac Cycle, p. 377
  794. 13.6 Cardiac Output and Its Control, p. 382
  795. Exercises
  796. Multiple-Choice Questions
  797. Objective Questions
  798. Essay Questions
  799. Critical Thinking
  800. 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
  801. Chapter Outline
  802. Learning Outcomes
  803. Before You Begin
  804. 14.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure
  805. Pressure Gradients in the Cardiovascular System
  806. The Role of Pressure Gradients in Driving Blood Flow
  807. Pressure Gradients Across the Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits
  808. Resistance in the Cardiovascular System
  809. Resistance of Individual Blood Vessels
  810. Apply Your Knowledge
  811. Resistance of Blood Vessel Networks: Total Peripheral Resistance
  812. Relating Pressure Gradients and Resistance in the Systemic Circulation
  813. Quick Check 14.1
  814. 14.2 Overview of the Vasculature
  815. 14.3 Arteries
  816. Arteries: A Pressure Reservoir
  817. Arterial Blood Pressure
  818. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
  819. Quick Check 14.2
  820. 14.4 Arterioles
  821. Arterioles and Resistance to Blood Flow
  822. Intrinsic Control of Blood Flow Distribution to Organs
  823. Regulation in Response to Changes in Metabolic Activity: Active Hyperemia
  824. Regulation in Response to Changes in Blood Flow: Reactive Hyperemia
  825. Regulation in Response to Stretch of Arteriolar Smooth Muscle: Myogenic Response
  826. Regulation by Locally Secreted Chemical Messengers
  827. Extrinsic Control of Arteriole Radius and Mean Arterial Pressure
  828. Sympathetic Control of Arteriolar Radius
  829. Hormonal Control of Arteriolar Resistance
  830. Vasopressin (ADH)
  831. Angiotensin II
  832. Quick Check 14.3
  833. 14.5 Capillaries and Venules
  834. Capillary Anatomy
  835. Continuous Capillaries
  836. Fenestrated Capillaries
  837. Discontinuous Capillaries and Sinusoids
  838. Local Control of Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds
  839. Movement of Material Across Capillary Walls
  840. Exchange Across Capillary Walls
  841. Bulk Flow Across Capillary Walls
  842. Hydrostatic Pressures
  843. Osmotic Pressures
  844. Net Filtration Pressure
  845. Apply Your Knowledge
  846. Factors Affecting Filtration and Absorption Across Capillaries
  847. Venules
  848. Quick Check 14.4
  849. 14.6 Veins
  850. Veins: A Volume Reservoir
  851. Factors That Influence Venous Pressure and Venous Return
  852. The Skeletal Muscle Pump
  853. The Respiratory Pump
  854. Blood Volume
  855. Venomotor Tone
  856. Quick Check 14.5
  857. 14.7 The Lymphatic System
  858. 14.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation
  859. Determinants of Mean Arterial Pressure: Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Total Peripheral Resistance
  860. Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure
  861. Neural Control of Mean Arterial Pressure
  862. Arterial Baroreceptors: Sensors of Mean Arterial Pressure
  863. Cardiovascular Control Center of the Medulla Oblongata
  864. Autonomic Inputs to Cardiovascular Effectors
  865. The Baroreceptor Reflex
  866. Hormonal Control of Mean Arterial Pressure
  867. Control of Blood Pressure by Low-Pressure Baroreceptors (Volume Receptors)
  868. Quick Check 14.6
  869. 14.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes
  870. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
  871. Chemoreceptor Reflexes
  872. Thermoregulatory Responses
  873. Quick Check 14.7
  874. Chapter Review
  875. Summary
  876. 14.1 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure, p. 395
  877. 14.2 Overview of the Vasculature, p. 398
  878. 14.3 Arteries, p. 399
  879. 14.4 Arterioles, p. 402
  880. 14.5 Capillaries and Venules, p. 409
  881. 14.6 Veins, p. 416
  882. 14.7 The Lymphatic System, p. 419
  883. 14.8 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation, p. 419
  884. 14.9 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes, p. 426
  885. Exercises
  886. Multiple-Choice Questions
  887. Objective Questions
  888. Essay Questions
  889. Critical Thinking
  890. 15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
  891. Chapter Outline
  892. Learning Outcomes
  893. Before You Begin
  894. 15.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit
  895. Apply Your Knowledge
  896. 15.2 Plasma
  897. 15.3 Erythrocytes
  898. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
  899. Hemoglobin’s Reversible Binding of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  900. Carbonic Anhydrase and the Carbon Dioxide–Bicarbonate Reaction
  901. Life Cycle of Erythrocytes
  902. Erythrocyte Production
  903. Filtering and Destruction of Erythrocytes by the Spleen
  904. Quick Check 15.1
  905. 15.4 Leukocytes
  906. Neutrophils
  907. Eosinophils
  908. Basophils
  909. Monocytes
  910. Lymphocytes
  911. Quick Check 15.2
  912. 15.5 Platelets and Hemostasis
  913. Apply Your Knowledge
  914. Vascular Spasm
  915. Platelet Plug
  916. Formation of a Blood Clot
  917. Factors Limiting Clot Formation
  918. The Role of Coagulation Factors in Clot Formation Disorders
  919. Aspirin as an Anticoagulant
  920. 15.6 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
  921. Chapter Review
  922. Summary
  923. 15.1 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit, p. 433
  924. 15.2  Plasma, p. 434
  925. 15.3 Erythrocytes, p. 434
  926. 15.4 Leukocytes, p. 438
  927. 15.5 Platelets and Hemostasis, p.441
  928. 15.6 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, p.445
  929. Exercises
  930. Multiple-Choice Questions
  931. Objective Questions
  932. Essay Questions
  933. Critical Thinking
  934. 16 The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation
  935. Chapter Outline
  936. Learning Outcomes
  937. Before You Begin
  938. 16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function
  939. 16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System
  940. Upper Airways
  941. The Respiratory Tract
  942. The Conducting Zone
  943. Apply Your Knowledge
  944. The Respiratory Zone
  945. Structures of the Thoracic Cavity
  946. Quick Check 16.1
  947. 16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation
  948. Pulmonary Pressures
  949. Mechanics of Breathing
  950. Apply Your Knowledge
  951. Determinants of Intra-alveolar Pressure
  952. Inspiration
  953. Expiration
  954. Quick Check 16.2
  955. 16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
  956. Lung Compliance
  957. Airway Resistance
  958. Quick Check 16.3
  959. 16.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows
  960. Lung Volumes and Capacities
  961. Pulmonary Function Tests
  962. Apply Your Knowledge
  963. Alveolar Ventilation
  964. Quick Check 16.4
  965. Chapter Review
  966. Summary
  967. 16.1 Overview of Respiratory Function, p. 449
  968. 16.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System, p. 449
  969. 16.3 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation, p. 457
  970. 16.4 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation, p. 461
  971. 16.5 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows, p. 465
  972. Exercises
  973. Multiple-Choice Questions
  974. Objective Questions
  975. Essay Questions
  976. Critical Thinking
  977. 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
  978. Chapter Outline
  979. Learning Outcomes
  980. Before You Begin
  981. 17.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation
  982. Quick Check 17.1
  983. 17.2 Diffusion of Gases
  984. Partial Pressure of Gases
  985. Solubility of Gases in Liquids
  986. Apply Your Knowledge
  987. 17.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  988. Gas Exchange in the Lungs
  989. Gas Exchange in Respiring Tissue
  990. Determinants of Alveolar P O 2 and P CO 2
  991. Quick Check 17.2
  992. 17.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood
  993. Oxygen Transport in the Blood
  994. Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin
  995. The Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve
  996. Other Factors Affecting the Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen
  997. Apply Your Knowledge
  998. Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
  999. The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Carbon Dioxide Transport
  1000. Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Transport in Systemic Capillaries and Veins
  1001. Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Transport in Pulmonary Capillaries and Veins
  1002. Effect of Oxygen on Carbon Dioxide Transport
  1003. Quick Check 17.3
  1004. 17.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation
  1005. Neural Control of Breathing by Motor Neurons
  1006. Generation of the Breathing Rhythm in the Brainstem
  1007. Respiratory Control Centers of the Medulla
  1008. Respiratory Control Centers of the Pons
  1009. Central Pattern Generator
  1010. Model of Respiratory Control During Quiet Breathing
  1011. Peripheral Input to Respiratory Centers
  1012. Quick Check 17.4
  1013. 17.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors
  1014. Chemoreceptors
  1015. Chemoreceptor Reflexes
  1016. Quick Check 17.5
  1017. 17.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion
  1018. Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios
  1019. Local Control of Ventilation and Perfusion
  1020. Quick Check 17.6
  1021. 17.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis
  1022. Acid-Base Disturbances in Blood
  1023. The Role of the Respiratory System in Acid-Base Balance
  1024. Hemoglobin as a Buffer
  1025. Bicarbonate Ions as a Buffer
  1026. Quick Check 17.7
  1027. Chapter Review
  1028. Summary
  1029. 17.1 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation, p. 474
  1030. 17.2 Diffusion of Gases, p. 476
  1031. 17.3 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, p. 478
  1032. 17.4 Transport of Gases in the Blood, p. 481
  1033. 17.5 Central Regulation of Ventilation, p. 489
  1034. 17.6 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors, p. 492
  1035. 17.7 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion, p. 495
  1036. 17.8 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis, p. 496
  1037. Exercises
  1038. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1039. Objective Questions
  1040. Essay Questions
  1041. Critical Thinking
  1042. 18 The Urinary System: Renal Function
  1043. Chapter Outline
  1044. Learning Outcomes
  1045. Before You Begin
  1046. 18.1 Functions of the Urinary System
  1047. 18.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System
  1048. Structures of the Urinary System
  1049. Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
  1050. Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
  1051. Renal Corpuscle
  1052. Renal Tubule
  1053. Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
  1054. The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
  1055. Blood Supply to the Kidney
  1056. Quick Check 18.1
  1057. 18.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes
  1058. Glomerular Filtration
  1059. Glomerular Filtration Rate
  1060. Filtration Fraction
  1061. Filtered Load
  1062. Apply Your Knowledge
  1063. Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
  1064. Intrinsic Control of Glomerular Filtration
  1065. Extrinsic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
  1066. Quick Check 18.2
  1067. Reabsorption
  1068. Solute and Water Reabsorption
  1069. Active Reabsorption of Solute
  1070. Water Reabsorption
  1071. Passive Reabsorption of Solute
  1072. Transport Maximum
  1073. Secretion
  1074. Quick Check 18.3
  1075. 18.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules
  1076. Nonregulated Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule
  1077. Regulated Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
  1078. Water Conservation in the Loop of Henle
  1079. 18.5 Excretion
  1080. Excretion Rate
  1081. Clearance
  1082. Clinical Uses of Clearance
  1083. Apply Your Knowledge
  1084. Estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate
  1085. Determining the Fates of Solutes in Renal Tubules
  1086. Apply Your Knowledge
  1087. Micturition
  1088. Quick Check 18.4
  1089. Chapter Review
  1090. Summary
  1091. 18.1 Functions of the Urinary System, p. 504
  1092. 18.2 Anatomy of the Urinary System, p. 505
  1093. 18.3 Basic Renal Exchange Processes, p. 508
  1094. 18.4 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules, p. 519
  1095. 18.5 Excretion, p. 520
  1096. Exercises
  1097. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1098. Objective Questions
  1099. Essay Questions
  1100. Critical Thinking
  1101. 19 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
  1102. Chapter Outline
  1103. Learning Outcomes
  1104. Before You Begin
  1105. 19.1 The Concept of Balance
  1106. Factors Affecting the Plasma Composition
  1107. Apply Your Knowledge
  1108. Solute and Water Balance
  1109. 19.2 Water Balance
  1110. Osmolarity and the Movement of Water
  1111. Water Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule
  1112. Establishment of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
  1113. Countercurrent Multiplier
  1114. Role of Urea in the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
  1115. Role of the Vasa Recta in Preventing Dissipation of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient
  1116. Role of the Medullary Osmotic Gradient in Water Reabsorption in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
  1117. Aquaporins and Water Permeability
  1118. Quick Check 19.1
  1119. Effects of ADH on Water Reabsorption
  1120. Regulation of ADH Secretion
  1121. Regulating Water Excretion by Changing GFR
  1122. Quick Check 19.2
  1123. 19.3 Sodium Balance
  1124. Mechanisms of Sodium Reabsorption in the Renal Tubule
  1125. Apply Your Knowledge
  1126. The Effects of Aldosterone
  1127. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
  1128. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
  1129. Quick Check 19.3
  1130. 19.4 Potassium Balance
  1131. Renal Handling of Potassium Ions
  1132. Regulation of Potassium Secretion by Aldosterone
  1133. 19.5 Calcium Balance
  1134. Renal Handling of Calcium Ions
  1135. Hormonal Control of Plasma Calcium Concentrations
  1136. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone
  1137. Apply Your Knowledge
  1138. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
  1139. Effects of Calcitonin
  1140. Quick Check 19.4
  1141. 19.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation
  1142. Quick Check 19.5
  1143. 19.7 Acid-Base Balance
  1144. Apply Your Knowledge
  1145. Sources of Acid-Base Disturbances
  1146. Respiratory Disturbances
  1147. Metabolic Disturbances
  1148. Defense Mechanisms Against Acid-Base Disturbances
  1149. Buffering of Hydrogen Ions
  1150. Respiratory Compensation
  1151. Renal Compensation
  1152. Renal Handling of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions in the Proximal Tubule
  1153. Renal Handling of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions in the Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
  1154. Role of Glutamine in Renal Compensation During Severe Acidosis
  1155. Compensation for Acid-Base Disturbances
  1156. Respiratory Acidosis
  1157. Respiratory Alkalosis
  1158. Metabolic Acidosis
  1159. Metabolic Alkalosis
  1160. Evaluation of Acid-Base Disturbances
  1161. Quick Check 19.6
  1162. Chapter Review
  1163. Chapter Summary
  1164. 19.1 The Concept of Balance, p. 532
  1165. 19.2 Water Balance, p. 534
  1166. 19.3 Sodium Balance, p.543
  1167. 19.4 Potassium Balance, p. 548
  1168. 19.5 Calcium Balance, p. 549
  1169. 19.6 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation, p. 551
  1170. 19.7 Acid-Base Balance, p. 553
  1171. Exercises
  1172. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1173. Objective Questions
  1174. Essay Questions
  1175. Critical Thinking
  1176. 20 The Gastrointestinal System
  1177. Chapter Outline
  1178. Learning Outcomes
  1179. Before You Begin
  1180. 20.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes
  1181. 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System
  1182. The Gastrointestinal Tract
  1183. Generalized Structure of the Gastrointestinal Wall
  1184. The Mucosa
  1185. The Submucosa
  1186. The Muscularis Externa
  1187. The Serosa
  1188. Quick Check 20.1
  1189. Functional Anatomy of Gastrointestinal Tract Organs
  1190. The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
  1191. The Stomach
  1192. The Small Intestine
  1193. The Colon
  1194. The Rectum and Anus
  1195. Quick Check 20.2
  1196. The Accessory Glands
  1197. The Salivary Glands
  1198. The Pancreas
  1199. The Liver
  1200. Quick Check 20.3
  1201. 20.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water
  1202. Carbohydrates
  1203. Digestion of Carbohydrates to Monosaccharides
  1204. Absorption of Carbohydrates
  1205. Proteins
  1206. Digestion of Proteins to Small Peptides and Amino Acids
  1207. Absorption of Amino Acids and Small Peptides
  1208. Apply Your Knowledge
  1209. Lipids
  1210. Digestion of Triglycerides
  1211. The Action of Bile Salts
  1212. The Action of Pancreatic Lipase
  1213. Absorption of Lipids
  1214. Quick Check 20.4
  1215. Absorption of Vitamins
  1216. Apply Your Knowledge
  1217. Absorption of Minerals
  1218. Absorption of Sodium and Chloride
  1219. Absorption of Potassium
  1220. Absorption and Secretion of Bicarbonate
  1221. Regulated Absorption of Calcium
  1222. Absorption of Iron
  1223. Absorption of Water
  1224. 20.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation
  1225. Neural and Endocrine Pathways of Gastrointestinal Control
  1226. Short and Long Reflex Pathways
  1227. Phases of Gastrointestinal Control
  1228. Regulation of Food Intake
  1229. Quick Check 20.5
  1230. 20.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation
  1231. Saliva Secretion
  1232. Acid and Pepsinogen Secretion in the Stomach
  1233. Secretion of Pancreatic Juice and Bile
  1234. Rates of Fluid Movement in the Digestive System
  1235. Quick Check 20.6
  1236. 20.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation
  1237. Electrical Activity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle
  1238. Peristalsis and Segmentation
  1239. Chewing and Swallowing
  1240. Gastric Motility
  1241. Gastric Motility Patterns
  1242. Regulation of Gastric Motility
  1243. Vomiting
  1244. Motility of the Small Intestine
  1245. Motility Patterns in the Small Intestine
  1246. Regulation of Motility of the Small Intestine
  1247. Quick Check 20.7
  1248. Motility of the Colon
  1249. Motility Patterns in the Colon
  1250. Regulation of Motility of the Colon
  1251. Defecation
  1252. Chapter Review
  1253. Summary
  1254. 20.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes, p. 566
  1255. 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System, p. 566
  1256. 20.3 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water, p. 577
  1257. 20.4 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation, p. 588
  1258. 20.5 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation, p. 591
  1259. 20.6 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation, p. 594
  1260. Exercises
  1261. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1262. Objective Questions
  1263. Essay Questions
  1264. Critical Thinking
  1265. 21 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth
  1266. Chapter Outline
  1267. Learning Outcomes
  1268. Before You Begin
  1269. 21.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism
  1270. Anabolism
  1271. Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
  1272. 21.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage
  1273. Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Carbohydrates
  1274. Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Proteins
  1275. Uptake, Utilization, and Storage of Energy in Fats
  1276. 21.3 Energy Balance
  1277. Energy Input
  1278. Energy Output
  1279. Metabolic Rate
  1280. Apply Your Knowledge
  1281. Negative and Positive Energy Balance
  1282. Quick Check 21.1
  1283. 21.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
  1284. Metabolism During the Absorptive State
  1285. Body Cells in General
  1286. Skeletal Muscle Cells
  1287. Liver Cells
  1288. Adipocytes
  1289. Energy Reserves
  1290. Metabolism During the Postabsorptive State
  1291. Body Cells in General
  1292. Skeletal Muscle Cells
  1293. Liver Cells
  1294. Adipocytes
  1295. Quick Check 21.2
  1296. 21.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism
  1297. The Role of Insulin
  1298. Factors Affecting Insulin Secretion
  1299. Actions of Insulin
  1300. The Role of Glucagon
  1301. Factors Affecting Glucagon Secretion
  1302. Actions of Glucagon
  1303. Negative Feedback Control of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon
  1304. Stimulation of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion by Amino Acids
  1305. Effects of Epinephrine and Sympathetic Nervous Activity on Metabolism
  1306. Quick Check 21.3
  1307. 21.6 Thermoregulation
  1308. Temperature Balance
  1309. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Between the Body and the External Environment
  1310. Regulation of Body Temperature
  1311. Thermoregulation in the Thermoneutral Zone
  1312. Heat Generation in a Cold Environment
  1313. Heat Loss in a Warm Environment
  1314. Alterations in the Set Point for Thermoregulation: Fever
  1315. 21.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth
  1316. Body Growth
  1317. Effects of Growth Hormone
  1318. Factors Affecting Growth Hormone Secretion
  1319. Bone Growth
  1320. Apply Your Knowledge
  1321. Effects of Abnormal Growth Hormone Secretion
  1322. Other Hormones That Affect Growth
  1323. Quick Check 21.4
  1324. 21.8 Thyroid Hormones
  1325. Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones
  1326. Apply Your Knowledge
  1327. Actions of Thyroid Hormones
  1328. 21.9 Glucocorticoids
  1329. Factors Affecting Secretion of Glucocorticoids
  1330. Actions of Glucocorticoids
  1331. The Role of Cortisol in the Stress Response
  1332. Effects of Abnormal Glucocorticoid Secretion
  1333. Quick Check 21.5
  1334. Chapter Review
  1335. Summary
  1336. 21.1 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism, p. 603
  1337. 21.2 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage, p. 604
  1338. 21.3 Energy Balance, p. 605
  1339. 21.4 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States, p. 607
  1340. 21.5 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism, p. 611
  1341. 21.6 Thermoregulation, p. 616
  1342. 21.7 Hormonal Regulation of Growth, p. 619
  1343. 21.8 Thyroid Hormones, p. 624
  1344. 21.9 Glucocorticoids, p. 626
  1345. Exercises
  1346. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1347. Objective Questions
  1348. Essay Questions
  1349. Critical Thinking
  1350. 22 The Reproductive System
  1351. Chapter Outline
  1352. Learning Outcomes
  1353. Before You Begin
  1354. 22.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology
  1355. The Role of Gametes in Sexual Reproduction
  1356. Gene Sorting and Packaging in Gametogenesis: Meiosis
  1357. Components of the Reproductive System
  1358. Events Following Fertilization
  1359. Sex Determination
  1360. Sex Differentiation
  1361. Apply Your Knowledge
  1362. Patterns of Reproductive Activity over the Human Life Span
  1363. Quick Check 22.1
  1364. 22.2 The Male Reproductive System
  1365. Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Organs
  1366. The Testes
  1367. The External Genitalia
  1368. The Reproductive Tract
  1369. Accessory Glands
  1370. Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Function in Males
  1371. Sperm and Their Development
  1372. The Sexual Response in Males
  1373. Erection
  1374. Ejaculation
  1375. Quick Check 22.2
  1376. 22.3 The Female Reproductive System
  1377. Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Organs
  1378. The Ovaries
  1379. The Reproductive Tract
  1380. The External Genitalia
  1381. Ova and Their Development
  1382. The Sexual Response in Females
  1383. Quick Check 22.3
  1384. The Menstrual Cycle
  1385. The Ovarian Cycle
  1386. The Follicular Phase
  1387. The Luteal Phase
  1388. The Uterine Cycle
  1389. The Menstrual Phase
  1390. The Proliferative Phase
  1391. The Secretory Phase
  1392. Hormonal Changes During the Menstrual Cycle
  1393. Hormonal Changes in the Early to Mid-follicular Phase
  1394. Hormonal Changes in the Late Follicular Phase
  1395. Hormonal Changes in the Luteal Phase
  1396. Long-Term Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
  1397. Quick Check 22.4
  1398. 22.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy
  1399. Events of Fertilization
  1400. Early Embryonic Development and Implantation
  1401. Apply Your Knowledge
  1402. Later Embryonic and Fetal Development
  1403. Development from Embryo to Fetus
  1404. Formation of the Placenta
  1405. Fetal Development
  1406. Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
  1407. Quick Check 22.5
  1408. 22.5 Parturition and Lactation
  1409. Events of Parturition
  1410. Apply Your Knowledge
  1411. Lactation
  1412. Quick Check 22.6
  1413. Chapter Review
  1414. Summary
  1415. 22.1 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology, p. 632
  1416. 22.2 The Male Reproductive System, p. 638
  1417. 22.3 The Female Reproductive System, p. 645
  1418. 22.4 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy, p. 655
  1419. 22.5 Parturition and Lactation, p. 661
  1420. Exercises
  1421. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1422. Objective Questions
  1423. Essay Questions
  1424. Critical Thinking
  1425. 23 The Immune System
  1426. Chapter Outline
  1427. Learning Outcomes
  1428. 23.1 Anatomy of the Immune System
  1429. Physical Barriers
  1430. Leukocytes
  1431. Phagocytes
  1432. Lymphocytes
  1433. Tissue Cells of Hematopoietic Origin: Mast Cells and Dendritic Cells
  1434. Lymphoid Tissues
  1435. Central Lymphoid Tissues
  1436. Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues
  1437. Quick Check 23.1
  1438. 23.2 Pathogens That Activate the Immune Response
  1439. Viruses
  1440. Bacteria
  1441. Fungi
  1442. Parasites
  1443. Quick Check 23.2
  1444. 23.3 Organization of the Body’s Defenses
  1445. Nonspecific Defenses
  1446. Inflammation
  1447. Phagocytosis of Pathogens and Debris by Nearby Macrophages
  1448. Dilation and Increased Permeability of Capillaries
  1449. Containment of Foreign Matter
  1450. Leukocyte Migration and Proliferation
  1451. Apply Your Knowledge
  1452. Continued Clearing of Infection by Recruited Leuko­cytes
  1453. Interferons
  1454. Natural Killer Cells
  1455. The Complement System
  1456. Classical Pathway
  1457. Lectin Pathway
  1458. Alternative Pathway
  1459. Actions of Complements
  1460. Quick Check 23.3
  1461. Specific Defenses: Immune Responses
  1462. Features of Immune Responses
  1463. Specificity
  1464. Diversity
  1465. Memory
  1466. Self-Tolerance
  1467. Quick Check 23.4
  1468. 23.4 Humoral Immunity
  1469. The Role of B Lymphocytes in Antibody Production
  1470. Antibody Function in Humoral Immunity
  1471. Neutralization
  1472. Agglutination
  1473. Opsonization
  1474. Complement Activation
  1475. Enhanced Activation of Natural Killer Cells
  1476. Quick Check 23.5
  1477. 23.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity
  1478. Roles of T Lymphocytes in Cell-Mediated Immunity
  1479. MHC Molecules: Markers of Self
  1480. The Role of MHC Molecules in Antigen Presentation and T Cell Activation
  1481. Helper T Cell Activation
  1482. Cytotoxic T Cell Activation: The Destruction of Virus-Infected Cells and Tumor Cells
  1483. Quick Check 23.6
  1484. 23.6 Immune Responses in Health and Disease
  1485. Generating Immunity: Immunization
  1486. Apply Your Knowledge
  1487. Roles of the Immune System in Transfusion and Transplantation
  1488. Blood-Group Compatibility
  1489. Tissue Grafts and Organ Transplantation
  1490. Quick Check 23.7
  1491. Immune Dysfunctions
  1492. Allergy
  1493. Autoimmune Diseases
  1494. Immunodeficiency Diseases
  1495. The Role of Stress in the Immune Response
  1496. Quick Check 23.8
  1497. Chapter Review
  1498. Summary
  1499. 23.1 Anatomy of the Immune System, p. 669
  1500. 23.2 Pathogens That Activate the Immune Response, p. 673
  1501. 23.3 Organization of the Body’s Defenses, p. 675
  1502. 23.4 Humoral Immunity, p. 685
  1503. 23.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity, p. 687
  1504. 23.6 Immune Responses in Health and Disease, p. 690
  1505. Exercises
  1506. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1507. Objective Questions
  1508. Essay Questions
  1509. Critical Thinking
  1510. 24 Diabetes Mellitus
  1511. Chapter Outline
  1512. Learning Outcomes
  1513. 24.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
  1514. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  1515. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  1516. Quick Check 24.1
  1517. 24.2 Acute Effects of Diabetes Mellitus
  1518. Acute Hyperglycemia
  1519. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  1520. Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
  1521. Hypoglycemic Coma
  1522. Quick Check 24.2
  1523. 24.3 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Early Stages
  1524. Quick Check 24.3
  1525. 24.4 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Advanced Stages
  1526. Adverse Effects of Hyperglycemia
  1527. Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Microvasculature
  1528. Retinopathy
  1529. Nephropathy
  1530. Neuropathy
  1531. Quick Check 24.4
  1532. 24.5 Progression of Diabetes Mellitus to Critical States
  1533. Effects of Diabetes on the Macrovasculature
  1534. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
  1535. Quick Check 24.5
  1536. 24.6 Delayed Wound Healing
  1537. Wound Healing
  1538. Phase 1: Inflammation
  1539. Phase 2: Proliferation
  1540. Phase 3: Remodeling
  1541. Altered Wound Healing in Diabetes
  1542. Quick Check 24.6
  1543. 24.7 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
  1544. Quick Check 24.7
  1545. 24.8 Current Research on Diabetes Mellitus
  1546. New Techniques for Insulin Administration
  1547. Development of New Medicines for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
  1548. Nonpharmaceutical Therapies for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
  1549. Quick Check 24.8
  1550. Quick Check 15.3
  1551. How Does Diabetes Pathogenesis Progress?
  1552. Chapter Review
  1553. Summary
  1554. 24.1 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 702
  1555. 24.2 Acute Effects of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 704
  1556. 24.3 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Early Stages, p. 705
  1557. 24.4 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Advanced Stages, p. 706
  1558. 24.5 Progression of Diabetes Mellitus to Critical States, p. 711
  1559. 24.6 Delayed Wound Healing, p. 712
  1560. 24.7 Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus, p. 714
  1561. 24.8 Current Research on Diabetes Mellitus, p. 715
  1562. Exercises
  1563. Multiple-Choice Questions
  1564. Objective Questions
  1565. Essay Questions
  1566. Critical Thinking
  1567. Answers
  1568. Credits
  1569. Chapter 1:
  1570. Chapter 2:
  1571. Chapter 3:
  1572. Chapter 4:
  1573. Chapter 5:
  1574. Chapter 6:
  1575. Chapter 7:
  1576. Chapter 8:
  1577. Chapter 9:
  1578. Chapter 10:
  1579. Chapter 11:
  1580. Chapter 12:
  1581. Chapter 13:
  1582. Chapter 14:
  1583. Chapter 15:
  1584. Chapter 16:
  1585. Chapter 17:
  1586. Chapter 18:
  1587. Chapter 19:
  1588. Chapter 20:
  1589. Chapter 21:
  1590. Chapter 22:
  1591. Chapter 23:
  1592. Chapter 24:
  1593. Glossary
  1594. Index
  1595. Frequently Used Abbreviations and Symbols

 

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