1. Part I Defining Personality and Methods of Assessment
2. Chapter 1 Understanding Yourself and Others
3. Learning Objectives
4. What Is Personality?
5. Defining Personality
6. The Story of Personality Psychology
7. Personality Psychology as a Hub Field
8. Where Can We See Personality?
9. Person and Situation
10. Where Will We Go Next?: What You Will Learn in This Book
11. Concluding Thoughts
12. Learning Objective Summaries
13. Key Terms
14. Essay Questions
15. Chapter 2 Assessment and Methods
16. Learning Objectives
17. Self-Report Questionnaires: The Most Common Way to Measure Personality
18. The Example of the Cat Person Scale
19. Correlations: What You Need to Know to ­Understand the Research
20. Reliability and Validity: Evaluating Personality Scales
21. Reliability
22. Validity
23. The Example of Horoscopes
24. The Statistical Side of Questionnaires
25. How to Use Statistics to Understand Your Personality
26. What Your Score on the Marlowe–Crowne Says About You
27. Alternatives to Self-Report Questionnaires
28. Informant Reports
29. Clinical Interviews
30. Measuring Behavior
31. Archival or Life Outcomes Data
32. Projective Tests
33. Physiological Measures
34. The Importance of Triangulation
35. Study Design in Personality Research: Correlational Versus Experimental Studies
36. Best Practices for Scientific Research
37. Concluding Thoughts
38. Learning Objective Summaries
39. Key Terms
40. Essay Questions
41. Part II Approaches to Understanding Personality
42. Chapter 3 The Big Five ­Personality Traits
43. Learning Objectives
44. The Development of the Big Five
45. What Traits Make Up the Big Five?
46. The Facets of the Big Five
47. Distinct Categories or a Continuum?
48. What Do the Big Five Traits Really Mean?
49. Extraversion
50. Agreeableness
51. Conscientiousness
52. Neuroticism
53. Openness to Experience
54. The Usefulness of the Big Five
55. What Does the Big Five Tell Us About Our ­Survival Ability?
56. How Does the Big Five Translate to Other ­Personality Research?
57. Does the Big Five Translate Across Other Cultures?
58. Concluding Thoughts
59. Learning Objective Summaries
60. Key Terms
61. Essay Questions
62. Chapter 4 Biological Underpinnings of Personality
63. Learning Objectives
64. The Heritability of Personality: Twin Studies
65. Why Siblings Can Be So Different
66. The Limitations of Twin Studies
67. Gene–Environment Interactions and Epigenetics
68. The Biology of Personality
69. The Big Five and the Brain
70. Neurotransmitters
71. Are You a Morning Person or a Night Person?: Understanding Your Circadian Rhythm
72. Evolution and Personality
73. Survival and Reproduction
74. The Need to Belong
75. If Evolution Is Universal, Why Do People Still Differ in Their Traits?
76. Challenges to Evolutionary Psychology
77. Hormones and Behavior
78. Concluding Thoughts
79. Learning Objective Summaries
80. Key Terms
81. Essay Questions
82. Chapter 5 Self-Concept and Self-Processes
83. Learning Objectives
84. The Self-Concept
85. The I and the Me
86. The Material Self
87. The Social Self
88. The Spiritual Self
89. The True Self
90. Evaluating the Self: Self-Esteem
91. Is Self-Esteem Good or Bad?
92. Explicit Versus Implicit Self-Esteem
93. Maintaining Self-Esteem
94. Self-Compassion, Self-Efficacy, and Narcissism: Three More Variations on Self-Evaluation
95. Self-Compassion
96. Self-Efficacy
97. Narcissism
98. Self-Regulation
99. Possible Selves
100. Self-Control
101. Concluding Thoughts
102. Learning Objective Summaries
103. Key Terms
104. Essay Questions
105. Chapter 6 Psychodynamic Approaches
106. Learning Objectives
107. An Overview of Psychodynamic Theories
108. Freud’s Models of the Mind
109. The Topographical Model
110. The Structural Model
111. Freudian Theory of Psychosexual Development
112. Libido: Sexual Energy
113. Developmental Stages
114. Dreams: How We Access the Unconscious
115. Mechanisms of Defense
116. Denial
117. Reaction Formation
118. Projection
119. Repression
120. Displacement
121. Sublimation
122. Humor
123. Defensive Pessimism
124. Empirical Evidence for the Defense Mechanisms
125. Challenges to Freudian Theories and Applications to Modern Psychology
126. Jung
127. The Archetypes
128. The Shadow
129. Anima/Animus
130. The Self
131. The Ego, Its Attitudes, and Its Functions
132. Extraversion Versus Introversion
133. Thinking Versus Feeling
134. Intuition Versus Sensation
135. Judging Versus Perceiving
136. Ego Functions In Action
137. The Process of Individuation
138. Adler, Horney, and Object Relations Theory
139. Alfred Adler
140. Karen Horney
141. Object Relations Theory
142. Concluding Thoughts
143. Learning Objective Summaries
144. Key Terms
145. Essay Questions
146. Chapter 7 Motivation
147. Learning Objectives
148. Approach and Avoidance Motivation
149. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
150. The Major Needs
151. Self-Actualization and Humanistic Psychology
152. Implicit Motives
153. Three Major Implicit Motives
154. Answers
155. How Do Implicit and Explicit Motives Affect Behavior?
156. The Implicit Motives of Presidents and Eras
157. Self-Determination Theory
158. Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Goals
159. Which Goals Are More Likely to Make You Happy?
160. How Are Goals the Same and Different Across Cultures?
161. How Do Goals Affect the Way You Think?
162. What Works Better: Extrinsic or Intrinsic Motivation?
163. Mindfulness, Flow, and Meaning
164. Mindfulness
165. Peak Experiences and Flow
166. Meaning and Purpose in Life
167. Concluding Thoughts
168. Learning Objective Summaries
169. Key Terms
170. Essay Questions
171. Chapter 8 How Learning Shapes Behavior
172. Learning Objectives
173. Operant Conditioning: How to Get People (and Pets) to Do What You Want
174. Four Ways of Modifying Behavior
175. Positive Reinforcement
176. Negative Reinforcement
177. Positive Punishment
178. Negative Punishment
179. Reinforcement Schedules
180. Socialization and Reciprocal Determinism
181. Behavior Modification: Operant Conditioning in Action
182. How Behavior Modification Works
183. Using Behavior Modification on Yourself
184. How Far Can Behavior Modification Go?
185. Expectancies and Locus of Control
186. Classical Conditioning: How to Get People (and Pets) to Drool
187. Classical Conditioning and Fear
188. Habituation
189. Sleep Conditioning: How Did You Sleep Last Night?
190. Phobias and Their Cure
191. Concluding Thoughts
192. Learning Objective Summaries
193. Key Terms
194. Essay Questions
195. Part III Applying Personality Psychology in the Real World
196. Chapter 9 Personality Across the Lifespan
197. Learning Objectives
198. Methods for Measuring Personality over Time
199. Personality During Childhood and Adolescence
200. Child Temperament
201. Temperament and the Big Five
202. Does Temperament Predict Personality?
203. Changes in the Big Five Personality Traits During Childhood and Adolescence
204. Changes in Self-Esteem During Childhood and Adolescence
205. Birth Order and Personality
206. Personality from Young Adulthood to Old Age
207. Changes in the Big Five Personality Traits from Young Adulthood to Old Age
208. Changes in Self-Esteem and Narcissism from Young Adulthood to Old Age
209. Significant Life Experiences and Social Investment Theory
210. Entering the Full-Time Workforce
211. Being in a Serious Relationship or Getting Married
212. Becoming a Parent
213. Experiencing Negative or Positive Life Events
214. Life Outcomes
215. Concluding Thoughts
216. Learning Objective Summaries
217. Key Terms
218. Essay Questions
219. Chapter 10 Gender and Personality
220. Learning Objectives
221. Sex Versus Gender
222. Biology, Culture, and Their Interaction: Origins of Sex Differences
223. The Origins of Gender Roles
224. The Roles of Evolution and Culture
225. Cultural Change and Cross-Cultural Variations in Sex Differences
226. Comparing Men and Women
227. Big Five Personality Traits
228. Leadership
229. “Masculinity” and “Femininity”
230. Jobs and Hobbies
231. Nonverbal Behaviors and Appearance
232. Self-Esteem
233. Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes
234. Cognitive Abilities
235. Concluding Thoughts
236. Learning Objective Summaries
237. Key Terms
238. Essay Questions
239. Chapter 11 Culture and Personality
240. Learning Objectives
241. How Cultures Shape People
242. Cultural Differences in Individualism and Collectivism
243. Cultural Differences in Attributions
244. Cultural Differences in Views of the Self
245. Positive Self–Views
246. Self Versus Other
247. Need for Uniqueness
248. Approach Versus Avoidance Motivation
249. Cultural Differences in the Big Five Personality Traits
250. Challenges in Studying Personality Traits Across Cultures
251. Cultural Differences in Extraversion
252. Cultural Differences in Agreeableness
253. Cultural Differences in Conscientiousness
254. Cultural Differences in Neuroticism
255. Cultural Differences in Openness to Experience
256. Concluding Thoughts
257. Learning Objective Summaries
258. Key Terms
259. Essay Questions
260. Chapter 12 Personality in the Workplace
261. Learning Objectives
262. Vocational Fit
263. The Role of Personality in Job Success
264. Job Satisfaction: What Traits Make You Happy at Work?
265. Job Performance: What Traits Make for a Good Worker?
266. Compensation: What Traits Predict High Pay?
267. Leadership: What Personality Traits Make for a Good Leader?
268. How Employers Use Personality for Job Selection
269. What Traits Do Employers Want?
270. The Use (and Possible Misuse) of Personality Tests
271. Finding Passion at Work
272. Concluding Thoughts
273. Learning Objective Summaries
274. Key Terms
275. Essay Questions
276. Chapter 13 Personality and Relationships
277. Learning Objectives
278. Attachment: The Building Blocks of Relationships
279. Childhood Attachment
280. Attachment in Adult Relationships
281. The Dimensional Approach to Attachment
282. The Big Five: Basic Personality Traits and Relationships
283. The Relationship Outcomes of Each of the Big Five Traits
284. Do Opposites Really Attract (and Stay Together)?
285. Empathy, Compassion, and Self-Control: Three Positive Forces in Relationships
286. The Dark Triad: Three Negative Forces in Relationships
287. Online Relationships: The Next Frontier
288. Online Dating
289. Personality and Social Networking Websites
290. Concluding Thoughts
291. Learning Objective Summaries
292. Key Terms
293. Essay Questions
294. Chapter 14 Personality and Mental Health
295. Learning Objectives
296. Personality Disorders
297. Diagnosing Personality Disorders
298. Personality Disorders and the Big Five
299. Borderline Personality Disorder
300. Schizoid Personality Disorder
301. Dependent Personality ­Disorder
302. Developing Personality Disorders
303. The PID-5 Diagnostic Model
304. Other Mental Disorders Associated with Personality
305. Major Depressive Disorder
306. Anxiety Disorders
307. Bipolar Disorder
308. Schizophrenia
309. Eating Disorders
310. Addictive Disorders
311. Therapy and Personality Change
312. Concluding Thoughts
313. Learning Objective Summaries
314. Key Terms
315. Essay Questions
316. Chapter 15 Personality and Physical Health
317. Learning Objectives
318. The Big Five and Physical Health
319. Conscientiousness
320. Neuroticism
321. Anxiety and Type D
322. Type A and Hostility
323. Extraversion (and Type T)
324. Agreeableness
325. Openness to Experience
326. Motives and Explanatory Style
327. Psychological Motives
328. Pessimistic Versus Optimistic Explanatory Style
329. Concluding Thoughts
330. Learning Objective Summaries
331. Key Terms
332. Essay Questions
333. Questionnaire Appendix
334. Questionnaire 2.1: Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale
335. Instructions
336. Scoring
337. Questionnaire 3.1: International Personality Item Pool
338. Instructions
339. Scoring
340. Questionnaire 4.1: Morningness–Eveningness Scale
341. Instructions
342. Scoring
343. Questionnaire 4.2: Sociosexual Orientation Scale
344. Instructions
345. Scoring
346. Questionnaire 5.1: Self-Monitoring Scale
347. Instructions
348. Scoring
349. Questionnaire 5.2: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
350. Instructions
351. Scoring
352. Questionnaire 5.3: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
353. Instructions
354. Scoring
355. Questionnaire 6.1: Humor Styles Scale
356. Instructions
357. Scoring
358. Questionnaire 6.2: Defensive Pessimism Scale
359. Instructions
360. Scoring
361. Questionnaire 6.3: Jung Type Indicator
362. Instructions
363. Scoring
364. Questionnaire 7.1: Approach Versus Avoidance Temperament Scale
365. Instructions
366. Scoring
367. Questionnaire 7.2: Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs
368. Instructions
369. Scoring
370. Questionnaire 7.3: Aspirations Index
371. Instructions
372. Scoring
373. Questionnaire 7.4: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale
374. Instructions
375. Scoring
376. Questionnaire 8.1: Nowicki Locus of Control Scale
377. Instructions
378. Scoring
379. Questionnaire 9.1: Temperament Assessment Battery for Children, Parent Form
380. Instructions
381. Scoring
382. Questionnaire 10.1: Personal Attributes Questionnaire
383. Instructions
384. Scoring
385. Questionnaire 11.1: Individualism–Collectivism Scale
386. Instructions
387. Scoring
388. Questionnaire 12.1: Oregon Vocational Interest Scale
389. Instructions
390. Scoring
391. Questionnaire 13.1: Experiences in Close Relationships Scale
392. Instructions
393. Scoring
394. Questionnaire 13.2: Exploration Index
395. Instructions
396. Scoring
397. Questionnaire 13.3: Interpersonal Reactivity Index
398. Instructions
399. Scoring
400. Questionnaire 14.1: Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
401. Instructions
402. Scoring
403. Questionnaire 15.1: Jenkins Activity Survey
404. Instructions
405. Scoring
406. Questionnaire 15.2: Multidimensional Anger Inventory
407. Instructions
408. Scoring
409. Questionnaire 15.3: Brief Sensation-Seeking Scale
410. Instructions
411. Scoring
412. Questionnaire 15.4: Attribution Style Questionnaire
413. Instructions
414. Scoring
415. Glossary
416. References
417. Name Index

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