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Test Bank for Pathology for Massage Therapists 2nd Edition by Salvo

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Test Bank for Pathology for Massage Therapists 2nd Edition by Salvo

Product details:

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0323055885
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0323055888
Author: Susan G. Salvo

Salvo’s Pathology presents more than just a parade of diseases. It takes the reader through health assessment and client consultation, covers sanitation and hygiene, refreshes on physiology pertinent to the pathology and pathophysiology covered in the text, and talks about general contraindications and endangerment sites before moving into the pathologies themselves. More than 300 pathologic conditions are covered in chapters divided by system. An entire chapter on Cancer and another on Mental and Emotional Illness are new additions to this edition. Each pathology presents the following information: Description, Signs and Symptoms, Etiology, Treatment, and Precautions. Pathologies are also accompanied by full color illustrations and photos plus a traffic light icon indicating whether it is safe to proceed with massage (green), there are cautions (yellow), or the massage is contraindicated (red). Local contraindications are distinguished with an “L, to indicate massage is unsafe only in certain areas and the therapist can proceed with the massage for the rest of the body. Helpful appendices and a glossary round out the book.

Table contents:

Chapter 1 Disease Awareness and Infection Control
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
LANGUAGE OF PATHOLOGY
BOX 1-1 Leading Causes of Death in the United States (2004)
FIGURE 1-1 Ten leading causes of death in the United States (2005, all races, both sexes).
FIGURE 1-2 Graphic representation of occurrence, incidence, and prevalence.
RISK FACTORS OF DISEASE
Age
Gender
Genetics
Lifestyle
Environment
Stress
TYPES OF DISEASES
Autoimmune Disease
Cancerous Disease
FIGURE 1-3 Autoimmune disease: photograph of woman’s hands with rheumatoid arthritis (early stage).
FIGURE 1-4 Cancerous disease: lesion of skin cancer (malignant melanoma).
Deficiency Disease
Degenerative Disease
SPOTLIGHT ON MESSAGE
Senior Citizens
FIGURE 1-5 Deficiency disease: man with scurvy resulting from vitamin-C deficiency.
TABLE 1-1 Physical Effects of Aging
FIGURE 1-6 Degenerative disease: normal (left) versus osteoporotic (right) vertebra.
FIGURE 1-7 Genetic disease: child with Down syndrome.
Genetic Disease
SPOTLIGHT ON MESSAGE
Down Syndrome
FIGURE 1-8 Infectious disease: rash caused by chickenpox.
FIGURE 1-9 Metabolic disease: woman with Cushing disease.
Infectious Disease
Metabolic Disease
FIGURE 1-10 Congenital disorder: child with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Congenital Disorder
Traumatic Disorder
AGENTS OF DISEASE
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
FIGURE 1-11 Agents of disease: A, Bacteria, B, Fungi. C, Protozoa. D, Virus.
Viruses
Other Agents of Disease
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
TABLE 1-2 Table of Relationships among the Pathogen, the Reservoir, and Resultant Infection
Direct Physical Contact
Mucous Membranes
Intact Skin
Broken Skin
Indirect Physical Contact
Ingestion
FIGURE 1-12 Cycle of infection.
Inhalation
HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIP
FIGURE 1-13 Body’s natural defenses.
INFECTION CONTROL FOR MASSAGE THERAPISTS
BOX 1-2 Infection Control and Universal Precautions
Guidelines of Sanitation
Use a standard hand-washing procedure.
Avoid wearing ornate jewelry while at work.
Keep fingernails clean, short, and without nail polish.
Keep hair clean and away from the face.
Use clean linens for each massage, and launder all linens after use.
Prescribe to a safe method of handling contaminated linens and massage tools.
Treat any substance that cannot be identified as unsafe.
Wear a clean uniform each day.
Use a pump dispenser or a clean single-use dish for massage lubricant.
Use gloves when appropriate.
Do not perform massage when ill or when experiencing coldlike symptoms.
Avoid working under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs.
Avoid massaging clients who are ill.
Be prepared for emergency situations.
Glove Use in Massage Therapy
Latex Gloves
Vinyl Gloves
Hand Washing
FIGURE 1-14 Proper removal of disposable gloves: A, Pulling off one glove, B, Placing removed glove in the palm of gloved hand. C, Removal of other glove with the first removed glove inside. D, Disposal of the both gloves.
Hand-Washing Procedure
FIGURE 1-15 Hand washing: A, Turning on water. B, Wetting hands, forearms, and elbows. C, Cleaning beneath fingernails. D, Generating lather with soap. E, Rinsing. F, Drying hands. G, Turning off water.
REFERENCES
SELF TEST
Chapter 2 Treatment Planning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT
Subjective and Objective Data
FIGURE 2-1 Chinese characters (calligraphy) depicting communication.
CLIENT INTAKE FORM
BOX 2-1
SPOTLIGHT ON MESSAGE
Treatment Planning
Presenting the Intake Form
INTERVIEW
FIGURE 2-2 Interview in progress.
BOX 2-2 Interviewing Skills
FIGURE 2-3 Assessment domains of PPALM system.
ORGANIZING THE INTERVIEW WITH PPALM
BOX 2-3 Five Steps of Treatment Planning
Purpose of Session
Pain
FIGURE 2-4 Pain assessment using OPPQRST with sample questions.
TABLE 2-1 Acute and Chronic Pain: A Comparison
Allergies and Skin Conditions
FIGURE 2-5 Pain scales: A, Descriptive scale. B, Numeric scale. C, Wong-Baker Faces pain scale.
Lifestyle and Vocation
Medical History
BOX 2-4 Medical Clearance Form
SCREENING CLIENTS FOR CONTRAINDICATIONS
BOX 2-5 Treatment Guidelines
FORMULATING A TREATMENT PLAN
BOX 2-6 Treatment Plan
SPOTLIGHT ON MESSAGE
Pressure
COMMUNICATION AFTER TREATMENT
SUBSEQUENT SESSIONS
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
SELF TEST
Chapter 3 Medications
LIST OF MEDICATIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Chemical name.
Generic name.
TABLE 3-1 Drug Nomenclature
Trade name.
PRESCRIPTION AND OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS
Prescription Drugs
TABLE 3-2 Table of Common Prescriptive Abbreviations
Drug Schedules
Pregnancy Categories
Over-the-Counter Drugs
FIGURE 3-1 Oral route: Drugs can be administered orally, which is the most common route.
FIGURE 3-2 Injection route: Drugs can be injected into the subcutaneous layer located beneath the dermis.
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Drug-Exposed Infants
HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED
FIGURE 3-3 Injection route: Drugs can be injected directly into muscle.
FIGURE 3-4 Inhalation route: Drugs can be inhaled into the lungs.
PHARMACOKINETICS
FIGURE 3-5 Transdermal (topical) route: Drugs can be applied to the skin. A, Ointment applied to card. B, Card held in place with ointment against skin.
FIGURE 3-6 Mucosal route: Drugs can be absorbed through the mucosa. A, Under tongue (sublingual). B, In buccal pouch.
FIGURE 3-7 Topical route: Drugs can be administered in the ears.
TABLE 3-3 Routes of Administration of Drugs
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Half-Life
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Drugs and Cell Receptors
Effects of Drugs
FIGURE 3-8 Pharmacokinetics: Once the drug is administered and absorbed by the body, the drug is then distributed, metabolized into a form that can be excreted, and then eliminated.
FIGURE 3-9 During distribution, some drugs bind to plasma proteins in the bloodstream and only the unbound, or free, portions of the drug are able to diffuse into tissues, interact with cell membrane receptors, and exert their pharmacologic effect.
HOW TO RESEARCH MEDICATIONS
FIGURE 3-10 Pharmacodynamics: When a drug molecule and a receptor are a good match, changes occur within cells, which lead the drug’s effect.
MEDICATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON TREATMENT PLANNING
Injection sites.
Recent topical application.
Transdermal patches.
Implantable infusion pump.
COMMONLY PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS
Medications Used to Manage Pain and Inflammation
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Corticosteroids
Brief Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Brief Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Narcotic Analgesics (Narcotics)
Brief Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Medications Used for Managing Diabetes
Hypoglycemics
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Medications Used to Manage Cardiovascular Disease
Anticoagulants and Antithrombotics
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Vasodilators
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Angiotension II Receptor Blockers
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Alpha-Receptor Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Beta-Blockers
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Calcium-Channel Blockers
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Diuretics
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Medications Used to Manage Respiratory Disorders
Antihistamines
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Antitussives
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Bronchodilators
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Decongestants
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Expectorants
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
FEMALE GONADAL HORMONES
Estrogens and Progesterone
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
MEDICATIONS USED TO MANAGE MOOD DISORDERS
Antianxiety, Sedative, and Hypnotic Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Antidepressant Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
Antipsychotic Drugs
Description
Drug Names
Common Side Effects
Massage Considerations
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
SELF TEST
Chapter 4 Dermatologic Pathologies
LIST OF PATHOLOGIES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
FIGURE 4-1 Cross-section of the skin.
DERMATOLOGIC PATHOLOGIES
BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS
FIGURE 4-2 Nail. A, Front view. B, Cross-section.
BOX 4-1 Manifestations of Dermatologic Disease
TABLE 4-1 Primary and Secondary Skin Lesions
Acne (Acne Vulgaris, Pimples, Zits)
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 4-3 Acne. Lesions on face with whitehead in crease of nose (indicated by arrow).
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Impetigo
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-4 Acne. Lesions on back.
FIGURE 4-5 Acne. Development of acne.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-6 Acne. Blackheads on face.
FIGURE 4-7 Acne: Severe acne with the presence of nodules.
Paronychia
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-8 Impetigo. Note yellowish brown crust on lesions.
FIGURE 4-9 Paronychia. Note redness and swelling in and around cuticle.
Massage Considerations
Folliculitis
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-10 Folliculitis. A, Lesions on throat area. B, Facial lesions on dark skin.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Boil (Furuncle and Carbuncle)
Description
FIGURE 4-11 Boil (furuncle). A, Single boil on top of foot. B, A collection of boils, or carbuncle, at base of neck.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-12 Cellulitis. Note the redness and swelling on top of foot.
Cellulitis and Erysipelas
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-13 Erysipelas. This superficial form of cellulitis is more common in children and older adults.
Massage Considerations
FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS
Ringworm (Tinea corporis)
Description
TABLE 4-2 Common Sites of Fungal Infections
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Athlete’s Foot (Tinea pedis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-14 Ringworm (Tinea corporis). A, Lesions on light skin. B, Lesion on dark skin.
Nail Fungus (Tinea unguium, Onychomycosis)
Description
FIGURE 4-15 Athletes foot (Tinea pedis). A, Note flaky discolored skin on plantar surface. B, Lesions are common between toes.
Etiology
FIGURE 4-16 Nail fungus (Tinea unguium). Toenails are often affected with the nail becoming elevated and turning yellow or white.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Jock Itch (Tinea cruris)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-17 Jock itch (Tinea cruris). Note that the affected area can spread to thighs and buttocks (latter not shown).
VIRAL SKIN INFECTIONS
Cold Sore and Fever Blister (Oral Herpes Simplex, Herpes Labialis)
Description
FIGURE 4-18 Cold sores (oral herpes simplex). Lesions on lower lip and chin.
FIGURE 4-19 Herpetic whitlow. Lesions on distal end of finger.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-20 Chickenpox (varicella). A, Early lesion (dew drops on a rose petal). B, Lesion before eruption. C, Erupted lesion with formed crust.
Massage Considerations
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-21 Chickenpox (varicella). Lesion presentation may number in the hundreds.
Massage Considerations
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Description
FIGURE 4-22 Dermatome map. A, Anterolateral view. B, Posterolateral view. C, Lateral view.
FIGURE 4-23 Shingles (herpes zoster). Lesions of shingles noting its bandlike pattern.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Wart (Verruca)
Description
FIGURE 4-24 Warts (verrucae). A, Common warts on fingers. B, Plantar wart on heel of foot. C, Flat warts on face.
FIGURE 4-25 Wart seeds.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
INFLAMMATORY SKIN CONDITIONS
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis, Eczematous Dermatitis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Eczema
Psoriasis
Description
FIGURE 4-26 Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Areas of involvement include the hands (A), the face (B), and the ankles or feet (C).
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Contact Dermatitis (Irritant Dermatitis, Allergic Dermatitis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-27 Psoriasis. Areas of involvement include the scalp (A) and elbows and knees (B).
FIGURE 4-28 Psoriasis. Scales of psoriasis are often silvery white.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Seborrhea, Seborrheic Eczema, Dandruff, Cradle Cap)
Description
FIGURE 4-29 Contact dermatitis. Skin reactions can occur from spray deodorants/antiperspirants.
FIGURE 4-30 Contact dermatitis. The resultant skin rash often provides clues to its source such as spandex rubber in a bra.
BOX 4-2 Materials and Chemicals Known to Cause Contact Dermatitis
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Rosacea (Acne Rosacea, Adult-Onset Acne)
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 4-31 Poison ivy (A) and poison oak (B) are frequent sources of contact dermatitis (C).
FIGURE 4-32 Nickel found in earrings (A) and wristbands (B) are common causes of contact dermatitis.
FIGURE 4-33 Some people develop contact dermatitis from tape adhesive (A) or latex in gloves (B).
FIGURE 4-34 Seborrheic dermatitis. Lesions on side of nose.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-35 Rosacea. This condition is characterized by persistent skin redness; pustules also appear, which may resemble teenage acne.
FIGURE 4-36 Rosacea. Some people may also acquire a red, bulbous nose (rhinophyma).
Pityriasis Rosea
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-37 Pityriasis rosea. A herald patch appears before a more generalized rash.
FIGURE 4-38 Pityriasis rosea. Rash of secondary lesions.
Lichen Planus
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-39 Lichen planus. Skin rash consist of flat-topped, red-to-violet colored lesions.
Scleroderma
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-40 Lichen planus. The skin rash is often more noticeable on dark skin.
FIGURE 4-41 Scleroderma. In this case the right leg is more affected with the skin appearing hard, shiny, and stretched.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-42 Scleroderma. The face may take on a masklike appearance; affected hands appear red to pale and swollen; fingers often become tapered and flexed.
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Scleroderma
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus)
Description
FIGURE 4-43 Hives (urticaria). This condition is characterized by the presence of wheals (raised red welts).
Hives (Urticaria)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-44 Swelling (angioedema) is common (40% of cases) during allergic reactions that involve the presence of hives.
LICE AND MITES
Lice (Pediculosis, Cooties)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-45 Lice. A, Head louse. B, Nits on hair is the most common sign of head lice.
FIGURE 4-46 Lice. A, Body louse on clothing. B, Skin rash of body lice infestation.
FIGURE 4-47 Lice. A, Pubic louse (crab). B, Skin rash of pubic lice infestation.
FIGURE 4-48 Head louse. Cross-section of nit cemented to hair shaft.
Massage Considerations
Scabies (Itch Mites)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-49 Scabies. A, Scabies mite with a small oval egg within her body. B, Hands are frequent areas of infestation.
Massage Considerations
SKIN INJURIES
FIGURE 4-50 Scabies. Common sites of infestation showing both anterior (image on left) and posterior views (image on right).
FIGURE 4-51 Scabies trail. Burrow created and used by female mites to deposits their eggs.
FIGURE 4-52 Scabies. Microscopic view inside burrow containing eggs and mite feces.
Bruise (Purpura, Contusion)
Description
FIGURE 4-53 Bruise. Note the discoloration beneath the skin.
Etiology
FIGURE 4-54 Senile purpura. This condition is seen in elderly adults where skin is easily bruised, usually on the forearms.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Burns
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-55 Burns with skin cross sections. A, Undamaged skin. B, First-degree burn. C, second-degree burn. D, Third-degree burn.
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Burns
FIGURE 4-56 Burns. A, First degree. B, Second degree. C, Third degree.
FIGURE 4-57 Rules of nines are used to estimate the amount of body surface affected by burns.
Stretch Marks (Stria)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Scar
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-58 Stretch marks (stria). During pregnancy, the woman’s abdomen is a common site of stretch marks.
FIGURE 4-59 Scars. These scars were caused by shingles.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Corn and Callus (Clavus)
Description
FIGURE 4-60 Scar (hypertrophic). These elevated scars do not grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound. In this case, surgery was performed to improve neck mobility.
FIGURE 4-61 Scar (hypertrophic). Close-up view of lesions.
FIGURE 4-62 Scar (keloid). These elevated scars extend beyond the wound site. In this case, scarring was caused by severe acne.
FIGURE 4-63 Corn. Corn located on skin over interphalangeal joint of fifth toe.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 4-64 Callus. Callus on bottom of foot.
Massage Considerations
Decubitus Ulcer (Bedsore, Pressure Sore, Pressure Ulcer)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
OTHER SKIN DISORDERS
Ichthyosis Vulgaris (Fish Scale Disease)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-65 Decubitus ulcers. All four stages beginning with stage I (top set of images) and ending with stage IV (bottom set of images). Illustrations on the left show skin cross-sections and photographs on the right depict ulcers corresponding to the left set of images.
Epidermal Cyst (Sebaceous Cyst, Epidermoid Cyst)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
TABLE 4-3 Skin Pigmentations
FIGURE 4-66 Ichthyosis vulgaris. Close-up view of affected skin.
Massage Considerations
BENIGN AND PREMALIGNANT SKIN PROLIFERATIONS
Actinic Keratosis (Senile Keratosis, Solar Keratosis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 4-67 Epidermal (sebaceous cysts). A, Cyst with opening. B, Cyst on lateral edge of eyelid.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Seborrheic Keratosis
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 4-68 Actinic keratosis. These elevated scaly lesions are most often seen in elderly adults and are found on sun-exposed skin (face, scalp, back of hand, forearms).
FIGURE 4-69 Seborrheic keratosis. These lesions often have the appearance of being stuck or pasted on the skin.
Skin Tag (Acrochordon, Cutaneous Papilloma)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
SKIN CANCER
FIGURE 4-70 Skin tag (acrochordon). Skin tags are commonly located in the axilla.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
CASE STUDY
REFERENCES
SELF TEST
Chapter 5 Musculoskeletal Pathologies
LIST OF PATHOLOGIES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
FIGURE 5-1 Skeletal muscles. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
TABLE 5-1 Muscle Histological Table
FIGURE 5-2 Structure of a muscle.
FIGURE 5-3 Skeletal system. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view.
FIGURE 5-4 Spongy and compact bone.
FIGURE 5-5 Typical synovial joint.
MUSCULOSKELETAL PATHOLOGIES
BOX 5-1 Manifestations of Musculoskeletal Disease
SKELETAL DISORDERS
Osteoporosis
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-6 Osteoporosis. A, Comparing the size of a normal vertebral body (left) with one affected by osteoporosis (right). B, Image of normal bone (electron microscopic image). C, Osteoporotic bone (electron microscopic image).
TABLE 5-2 The Relationship of Bone Density and Osteoporosis Diagnosis*
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-7 Osteoporosis: causes and consequences.
BOX 5-2 Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
GENETIC
ANTHROPOMETRIC
HORMONAL AND METABOLIC
DIETARY
LIFESTYLE
ILLNESS AND TRAUMA
MEDICATION USE
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 5-8 Hip replacement surgery. A, Surgical repair with screws and a plate. B, Appliance, or artificial hip.
FIGURE 5-9 Osteomalacia of the femur. Note how transparent the affected bone is compared with the pelvis as a result of demineralization.
Massage Considerations
Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Spondylolysis
Description
FIGURE 5-10 Paget disease. A, Posterior view of male with Paget disease with bowed leg. B, Radiographic image of bowed leg. Note that the tibia is bowed and not the fibula.
FIGURE 5-11 Paget disease: signs and symptoms.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-12 Osteomyelitis: stages of disease showing abscess formation, sequestration, and involucrum.
FIGURE 5-13 Osteomyelitis: photograph of femur with osteomyelitis showing shell of involucrum and pocket of sequestrum.
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Low Back Pain Reduced
Osteomyelitis
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Bone Cancers
Marfan Syndrome
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-14 Marfan syndrome: typical features.
SPINAL DEVIATIONS
Kyphosis (Hyperkyphosis, Hunchback)
Description
FIGURE 5-15 Kyphosis. A, Osteoporosis in elderly woman with resultant kyphosis. B, Radiograph of kyphosis.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Lordosis (Hyperlordosis, Swayback, Saddleback)
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-16 Lordosis. A, Normal spinal alignment (image on left) and spinal alignment seen in lordosis (image of right). B, Photograph of boy with severe lordosis.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Scoliosis
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-17 Scoliosis: degrees of severity and skeletal changes (top image) and vertebral rotation (bottom image).
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-18 Braces used to treat scoliosis. A, A color and design with straps in the front to appeal to children and adolescents. B, Design with straps in the back (anterior view). C, Posterior view of B.
FOOT DEFORMITIES
Bunions (Hallux valgus)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Hammertoes and Mallet Toes
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-19 Bunion. A, Illustrated bunion of the right foot. B, Photograph of right foot affected by a bunion.
FIGURE 5-20 Hammertoe. A, Illustrated hammertoe featuring the abnormally flexed proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. B, Photograph of hammertoes.
FIGURE 5-21 Mallet toe. A, Illustrated mallet toe featuring an abnormally flexed distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. B, Photograph of a mallet toe.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Pes Planus and Pes Cavus (Flatfoot, High Instep)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-22 Pes planus (flat feet). A, Normal arch. B, Reduced arch, or flatfoot. C, Photograph of left foot with flatfoot.
FIGURE 5-23 Pes cavus (high instep). A, Excessive arch. B, Photograph of feet with high insteps.
JOINT DISORDERS
Spondylolisthesis (Degenerative Spondylolisthesis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-24 Spondylolisthesis. A, Illustration of spondylolisthesis at the junction between L4 and L5. B, Photograph of woman with severe spondylolisthesis.
Patellofemoral Syndrome (Chondromalacia Patellae, Runner’s Knee)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-25 Arthroscopy: photograph of arthroscopic surgery.
Ganglion Cyst (Ganglion)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-26 Ganglion cyst. A, Illustration of anterior (image on left) and posterior (image on right) views. B, Photograph of ganglion cysts located on posterior wrist.
FIGURE 5-27 Baker cyst: cyst behind extended knee indicated by the arrow.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Bursitis
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-28 Bursitis: olecranon bursitis noting localized swelling.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (Temporomandibular Joint Disorders)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
ARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease, Degenerative Arthritis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Spondylosis (Spinal Osteoarthritis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Description
FIGURE 5-29 Osteoarthritis. A, Osteoarthritis of the hip. B, Bouchard and Heberden nodes often seen in osteoarthritis of the hand. C, Degenerative joint changes associated with osteoarthritis (normal [left] versus osteoarthritic joint [right]). D, Photograph of Heberden nodes. E, Radiograph of hip affected by severe osteoarthritis with arrows indicating loss of bone density.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-30 Rheumatoid arthritis. A, Photograph of hand in a woman with an early stage of rheumatoid arthritis showing swelling of joints. B, Ulnar deviation. C, Swan neck deformity. D, Boutonnière deformity.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-31 Rheumatoid arthritis (radiograph). A, Early stage of disease (insert displaying affected interphalangeal joint). B, More advanced stage with narrowing of joint spaces.
FIGURE 5-32 Progression of rheumatoid arthritis. A, Normal joint. B, Rheumatoid arthritis in the joint. C, Advanced rheumatoid arthritis.
FIGURE 5-33 Rheumatoid arthritis: signs and symptoms.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Description
FIGURE 5-34 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A, Affected knees. B, Affected hand.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (Spondylarthritis, Rheumatoid Spondylitis, Spondylitis, Spondylarthropathy)
Description
FIGURE 5-35 Ankylosing spondylitis: typical posture of individual with ankylosing spondylitis.
FIGURE 5-36 Ankylosing spondylitis: joints commonly involved and percentages of involvement. Structures not featured are jaw and the costovertebral joints.
FIGURE 5-37 Ankylosing spondylitis (radiographs). A, Normal sacroiliac (SI) joints. B, Fusion of SI joints. C, Advanced ankylosing spondylitis with SI fusion, fusion of spinous processes, pubic symphysis—the entire area appears fused into one continuous skeletal mass. D, Vertebral column, noting its bamboo appearance as structures fuse.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
TABLE 5-3 Comparison of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Gouty Arthritis (Gout, Metabolic Arthritis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-38 Gouty arthritis. A, Common location at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe (inset showing uric acid deposits). B, Gouty tophus on medial aspect of the great toe on right foot. C, Uric acid crystals in synovial fluid.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Lyme Disease (Lyme Arthritis, Neuroborreliosis, Borreliosis)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-39 Lyme disease. A, Bull’s eye rash on right leg. B, Deer ticks often carry the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Septic Arthritis (Infectious Arthritis)
Description
FIGURE 5-40 Septic arthritis: red, swollen right knee due to septic arthritis.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
MUSCULAR AND MYOFASCIAL DISORDERS
Muscular Atrophy (Disuse Atrophy)
Description
FIGURE 5-41 Muscular atrophy.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Contracture
Description
FIGURE 5-42 Contracture. Note the washcloth in the palm to reduce joint flexion.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-43 Dupuytren contracture. Note the flexed fourth finger, atrophy of the thenar eminence, and thickened longitudinal cord in the palm.
Dupuytren Contracture (Dupuytren Disease)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Headaches (Cephalalgia, Cephalgia)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-44 Headaches: types of headaches with their associated pain patterns.
TABLE 5-4 Types of Headaches
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Headaches
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (Fibromyalgia, Myofascial Fibrocystitis, Fibrositis, Muscular Rheumatism)
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-45 Fibromyalgia: anatomic locations of tender points associated with the diagnosis of fibromyalgia, according to the American College of Rheumatology.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
TABLE 5-5 Select Clinical Manifestations of Fibromyalgia
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Muscular Dystrophy
Description
FIGURE 5-46 Muscular dystrophy: initial muscle involvement of three types of muscular dystrophies. A, Duchenne. B, Fascioscapulohumeral. C, Limb girdle.
TABLE 5-6 Comparison Table of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain Syndrome
TABLE 5-7 Types of Muscular Dystrophies
Etiology
FIGURE 5-47 Muscular dystrophy. Young man with late stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy showing severe loss of muscle mass.
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
FIGURE 5-48 Myositis ossificans (radiograph). Note the calcified area on posterior thigh indicated by the arrows.
Myositis Ossificans
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
Dislocations and Subluxations
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-49 Shoulder dislocation.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Fractures
Description
Etiology
TABLE 5-8 Types of Fractures
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Sprain
Description
Etiology
FIGURE 5-50 Fracture types. A, Closed or simple with skin intact. B, Open or compound with broken skin. C, Longitudinal. D, Transverse. E, Oblique. F, Greenstick. G, Comminuted. H, Impacted. I, Pathologic. J, Nondisplaced. K, Displaced. L, Spiral. M, Compression. N, Avulsion. O, Depression.
FIGURE 5-51 Fracture (radiograph). Radiograph of mid-humeral fracture.
FIGURE 5-52 Sprain: inversion ankle sprain (second degree).
TABLE 5-9 Classification of Sprains and Strains
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Strain (Pull)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
FIGURE 5-53 Strain. A, Illustration of torn biceps brachii (third degree). B, Photograph of torn biceps brachii sprain with abnormal bulge at the muscle’s distal end.
Massage Considerations
SPOTLIGHT ON MASSAGE
Postoperative Pain
Volkmann Contracture (Ischemic Contracture)
Description
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
FIGURE 5-54 Volkmann contracture (ischemic contracture). Most cases are caused by a supracondylar fracture of the humerus that occludes the brachial artery and median nerve.
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Tendinitis (Tendonitis)
Description
FIGURE 5-55 Tendinitis: common areas of tendon inflammation. A, Epicondylitis of the elbow. B, Tendinitis of the Achilles’ tendon.
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Massage Considerations
Tenosynovitis
Epicondylitis

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