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Test Bank for Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition

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Test Bank for Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition

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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0134154002
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134154008
  • Author:  Michael Johnson (Author)

Through his teaching, his textbook, and his online blog, award-winning teacher Michael D. Johnson sparks interest in human biology by connecting basic biology to real-world issues that are relevant to your life. Using a storytelling approach and extensive online support, Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues Eighth Edition not only demystifies how the human body works but also drives you to become a better, more discerning consumer of health and science information. Each chapter opens with Johnson’s popular “Current Issues” essays, and within each chapter, “BlogInFocus” references direct readers to his frequently-updated blog for breaking human biology-related news.

 

Table of Content:

  1. Chapter 1 Human Biology, Science, and Society
  2. Key Concepts
  3. 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
  4. 1.2 How Humans Fit into the Natural World
  5. Living Things Are Grouped According to Their Characteristics
  6. The Defining Features of Humans
  7. Human Biology Can Be Studied on Any Level of Biological Organization
  8. 1.3 Science Is Both a Body of Knowledge and a Process
  9. The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas
  10. Observe and Generalize
  11. Formulate a Hypothesis
  12. Make a Testable Prediction
  13. Experiment or Observe
  14. Modify the Hypothesis as Necessary and Repeat Steps 3 and 4
  15. Designing and Conducting the Experiment
  16. Making the Findings Known
  17. A Well-Tested Hypothesis Becomes a Theory
  18. 1.4 Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality
  19. 1.5 Learning to be a Critical Thinker
  20. Become a Skeptic
  21. Learn How to Read Graphs
  22. Appreciate the Value of Statistics
  23. Distinguish Anecdotes from Scientific Evidence
  24. Separate Facts from Conclusions
  25. Understand the Difference between Correlation and Causation
  26. 1.6 The Role of Science in Society
  27. Science Improves Technology and the Human Physical Condition
  28. Science has Limits
  29. The Importance of Making Informed Choices
  30. Chapter Summary
  31. 1.1 The Characteristics of Life p. 4
  32. 1.2 How Humans Fit into the Natural World p. 6
  33. 1.3 Science Is Both a Body of Knowledge and a Process p. 10
  34. 1.4 Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality p. 14
  35. 1.5 Learning to Be a Critical Thinker p. 14
  36. 1.6 The Role of Science in Society p. 17
  37. Terms You Should Know
  38. Concept Review
  39. Test Yourself
  40. Apply What You Know
  41. Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Living Things
  42. Key Concepts
  43. 2.1 All Matter Consists of Elements
  44. Atoms are the Smallest Functional Units of an Element
  45. Isotopes Have a Different Number of Neutrons
  46. Free Radicals Have Unpaired Electrons
  47. 2.2 Atoms Combine to Form Molecules
  48. Energy Fuels Life’s Activities
  49. Chemical Bonds Link Atoms to Form Molecules
  50. Covalent Bonds Involve Sharing Electrons
  51. Ionic Bonds Occur Between Oppositely Charged Ions
  52. Weak Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Polar Molecules
  53. Living Organisms Contain Only Certain Elements
  54. 2.3 Life Depends on Water
  55. Water Is the Biological Solvent
  56. Water Is a Liquid at Body Temperature
  57. Water Helps Regulate Body Temperature
  58. Water Participates in Chemical Reactions
  59. 2.4 The Importance of Hydrogen Ions
  60. Acids Donate Hydrogen Ions, Bases Accept Them
  61. The pH Scale Expresses Hydrogen Ion Concentration
  62. Buffers Minimize Changes in pH
  63. 2.5 The Organic Molecules of Living Organisms
  64. Carbon Is the Common Building Block of Organic Molecules
  65. Macromolecules are Synthesized and Broken Down within the Cell
  66. 2.6 Carbohydrates: Used for Energy and Structural Support
  67. Monosaccharides Are Simple Sugars
  68. Oligosaccharides: More than One Monosaccharide Linked Together
  69. Polysaccharides Store Energy
  70. 2.7 Lipids: Insoluble in Water
  71. Triglycerides Are Energy-Storage Molecules
  72. Phospholipids Are the Primary Component of Cell Membranes
  73. Steroids Are Composed of Four Rings
  74. 2.8 Proteins: Complex Structures Constructed of Amino Acids
  75. Protein Function Depends on Structure
  76. Enzymes Facilitate Biochemical Reactions
  77. 2.9 Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information
  78. 2.10 ATP Carries Energy
  79. Chapter Summary
  80. 2.1 All Matter Consists of Elements p. 24
  81. 2.2 Atoms Combine to Form Molecules p. 26
  82. 2.3 Life Depends on Water p. 29
  83. 2.4 The Importance of Hydrogen Ions p. 31
  84. 2.5 The Organic Molecules of Living Organisms p. 33
  85. 2.6 Carbohydrates: Used for Energy and Structural Support p. 35
  86. 2.7 Lipids: Insoluble in Water p. 36
  87. 2.8 Proteins: Complex Structures Constructed of Amino Acids p. 38
  88. 2.9 Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information p. 42
  89. 2.10 ATP Carries Energy p. 43
  90. Terms You Should Know
  91. Concept Review
  92. Test Yourself
  93. Apply What You Know
  94. Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Cells
  95. Key Concepts
  96. 3.1 Cells Are Classified According to Their Internal Organization
  97. Eukaryotes Have a Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Organelles
  98. Prokaryotes Lack a Nucleus and Organelles
  99. 3.2 Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function
  100. Cells Remain Small to Stay Efficient
  101. Visualizing Cells with Microscopes
  102. Light Microscope (LM)
  103. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
  104. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
  105. 3.3 Internal Structures Carry out Specific Functions
  106. The Nucleus Controls the Cell
  107. Ribosomes Are Responsible for Protein Synthesis
  108. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is the Manufacturing Center
  109. The Golgi Apparatus Refines, Packages, and Ships
  110. Vesicles: Membrane-Bound Storage and Shipping Containers
  111. Vesicles That Ship and Store Cellular Products
  112. Secretory Vesicles
  113. Endocytotic Vesicles
  114. Peroxisomes and Lysosomes
  115. Mitochondria Provide Energy
  116. Fat and Glycogen: Sources of Energy
  117. 3.4 Cells Have Structures for Support and Movement
  118. The Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell
  119. Cilia and Flagella Are Specialized for Movement
  120. Centrioles Are Involved in Cell Division
  121. 3.5 A Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell
  122. The Plasma Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer
  123. 3.6 Molecules Cross the Plasma Membrane in Several Ways
  124. Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion and Osmosis
  125. Diffusion
  126. Osmosis
  127. Passive Transport Moves with the Concentration Gradient
  128. Diffusion through the Lipid Bilayer
  129. Diffusion through Channels
  130. Facilitated Transport
  131. Active Transport Requires Energy
  132. Endocytosis and Exocytosis Move Materials in Bulk
  133. Information Can Be Transferred across the Plasma Membrane
  134. The Sodium-Potassium Pump Helps Maintain Cell Volume
  135. Isotonic Extracellular Fluid Also Maintains Cell Volume
  136. 3.7 Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy
  137. Glucose Provides the Cell with Energy
  138. Glycolysis: Glucose Is Split into Two Pyruvate Molecules
  139. Aerobic Respiration Uses Oxygen
  140. The Preparatory Step: Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coa
  141. The Citric Acid Cycle Harvests Energy
  142. The Electron Transport System Produces ATP
  143. Summary of Energy Production from Glucose
  144. Fats and Proteins Are Additional Energy Sources
  145. Anaerobic Pathways Make Energy Available without Oxygen
  146. Chapter Summary
  147. 3.1 Cells Are Classified According to Their Internal Organization p. 49
  148. 3.2 Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function p. 50
  149. 3.3 Internal Structures Carry Out Specific Functions p. 52
  150. 3.4 Cells Have Structures for Support and Movement p. 57
  151. 3.5 A Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell p. 58
  152. 3.6 Molecules Cross the Plasma Membrane in Several Ways p. 59
  153. 3.7 Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy p. 66
  154. Terms You Should Know
  155. Concept Review
  156. Test Yourself
  157. Apply What You Know
  158. Chapter 4 From Cells to Organ Systems
  159. Key Concepts
  160. 4.1 Tissues Are Groups of Cells with a Common Function
  161. 4.2 Epithelial Tissues Cover Body Surfaces and Cavities
  162. Epithelial Tissues Are Classified According to Cell Shape
  163. The Basement Membrane Provides Structural Support
  164. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts
  165. Fibrous Connective Tissues Provide Strength and Elasticity
  166. Specialized Connective Tissues Serve Special Functions
  167. Cartilage
  168. Bone
  169. Blood
  170. Adipose Tissue
  171. 4.4 Muscle Tissues Contract to Produce Movement
  172. Skeletal Muscles Move Body Parts
  173. Cardiac Muscle Cells Activate Each Other
  174. Smooth Muscle Surrounds Hollow Structures
  175. 4.5 Nervous Tissue Transmits Impulses
  176. 4.6 Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions
  177. The Human Body Is Organized by Organ Systems
  178. Tissue Membranes Line Body Cavities
  179. Describing Body Position or Direction
  180. 4.7 The Skin as an Organ System
  181. Skin has Many Functions
  182. Skin Consists of Epidermis and Dermis
  183. Epidermal Cells Are Replaced Constantly
  184. Fibers in Dermis Provide Strength and Elasticity
  185. 4.8 Multicellular Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis
  186. Homeostasis Is Maintained by Negative Feedback
  187. Negative Feedback Helps Maintain Core Body Temperature
  188. Positive Feedback Amplifies Events
  189. Chapter Summary
  190. 4.1 Tissues Are Groups of Cells with a Common Function p. 79
  191. 4.2 Epithelial Tissues Cover Body Surfaces and Cavities p. 79
  192. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts p. 82
  193. 4.4 Muscle Tissues Contract to Produce Movement p. 86
  194. 4.5 Nervous Tissue Transmits Impulses p. 87
  195. 4.6 Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions p. 87
  196. 4.7 The Skin as an Organ System p. 91
  197. 4.8 Multicellular Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis p. 94
  198. Terms You Should Know
  199. Concept Review
  200. Test Yourself
  201. Apply What You Know
  202. Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
  203. Key Concepts
  204. 5.1 The Skeletal System Consists of Connective Tissue
  205. Bones Are the Hard Elements of the Skeleton
  206. Bone Contains Living Cells
  207. Ligaments Hold Bones Together
  208. Cartilage Lends Support
  209. 5.2 Bones Develop from Cartilage
  210. 5.3 Mature Bone Undergoes Remodeling and Repair
  211. Bones Can Change in Shape, Size, and Strength
  212. Bone Cells Are Regulated by Hormones
  213. Bones Undergo Repair
  214. 5.4 Bones Fit Together to Form the Skeleton
  215. The Axial Skeleton Forms the Midline of the Body
  216. The Skull: Cranial and Facial Bones
  217. The Hyoid Bone
  218. The Vertebral Column: The Body’s Main Axis
  219. The Ribs and Sternum: Protecting the Chest Cavity
  220. The Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle, Pelvic Girdle, and Limbs
  221. The Pectoral Girdle Lends Flexibility to the Upper Limbs
  222. The Pelvic Girdle Supports the Body
  223. 5.5 Joints Form Connections between Bones
  224. Joints Vary from Immovable to Freely Movable
  225. Ligaments, Tendons, and Muscles Strengthen and Stabilize Joints
  226. 5.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
  227. Osteoporosis Is Caused by Excessive Bone Loss
  228. Sprains Mean Damage to Ligaments
  229. Bursitis and Tendinitis Are Caused by Inflammation
  230. Arthritis Is Inflammation of Joints
  231. Chapter Summary
  232. 5.1 The Skeletal System Consists of Connective Tissue p. 101
  233. 5.2 Bones Develop from Cartilage p. 103
  234. 5.3 Mature Bone Undergoes Remodeling and Repair p. 104
  235. 5.4 Bones Fit together to Form the Skeleton p. 106
  236. 5.5 Joints Form Connections between Bones p. 112
  237. 5.6 Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System p. 115
  238. Terms You Should Know
  239. Concept Review
  240. Test Yourself
  241. Apply What You Know
  242. Chapter 6 The Muscular System
  243. Key Concepts
  244. 6.1 Muscles Produce Movement or Generate Tension
  245. The Fundamental Activity of Muscle Is Contraction
  246. Skeletal Muscles Cause Bones to Move
  247. A Muscle Is Composed of Many Muscle Cells
  248. The Contractile Unit Is a Sarcomere
  249. 6.2 Individual Muscle Cells Contract and Relax
  250. Nerves Activate Skeletal Muscles
  251. Activation Releases Calcium
  252. Calcium Initiates the Sliding Filament Mechanism
  253. When Nerve Activation Ends, Contraction Ends
  254. Muscles Require Energy to Contract and to Relax
  255. Producing and Storing Energy within Muscle
  256. 6.3 Muscles Vary in Movement, Force, and Endurance
  257. Isotonic versus Isometric Contractions: Movement versus Static Position
  258. The Degree of Nerve Activation Influences Force
  259. Slow-Twitch versus Fast-Twitch Fibers: Endurance versus Strength
  260. Exercise Training Improves Muscle Mass, Strength, and Endurance
  261. 6.4 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Have Special Features
  262. How Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Are Activated
  263. Arrangement of Myosin and Actin Filaments
  264. Speed and Sustainability of Contraction
  265. 6.5 Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System
  266. Muscular Dystrophy
  267. Tetanus
  268. Muscle Cramps
  269. Pulled Muscles
  270. Fasciitis
  271. Chapter Summary
  272. 6.1 Muscles Produce Movement or Generate Tension p. 122
  273. 6.2 Individual Muscle Cells Contract and Relax p. 126
  274. 6.3 Muscles Vary in Movement, Force, and Endurance p. 130
  275. 6.4 Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Have Special Features p. 134
  276. 6.5 Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System p. 136
  277. Terms You Should Know
  278. Concept Review
  279. Test Yourself
  280. Apply What You Know
  281. Chapter 7 Blood
  282. Key Concepts
  283. 7.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood
  284. Plasma Consists of Water and Dissolved Solutes
  285. Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
  286. Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Reflect Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
  287. All Blood Cells and Platelets Originate from Stem Cells
  288. Rbcs Have a Short Life Span
  289. RBC Production Is Regulated by a Hormone
  290. White Blood Cells Defend the Body
  291. Granular Leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
  292. Agranular Leukocytes: Monocytes and Lymphocytes
  293. Platelets Are Essential for Blood Clotting
  294. 7.2 Hemostasis: Stopping Blood Loss
  295. Vascular Spasms Constrict Blood Vessels to Reduce Blood Flow
  296. Platelets Stick Together to Seal a Ruptured Vessel
  297. A Blood Clot Forms around the Platelet Plug
  298. 7.3 Human Blood Types
  299. ABO Blood Typing Is Based on A and B Antigens
  300. Rh Blood Typing Is Based on Rh Factor
  301. Blood Typing and Cross-Matching Ensure Blood Compatibility
  302. New Tests Make Transfused Blood Safer
  303. 7.4 Blood Substitutes
  304. 7.5 Blood Disorders
  305. Mononucleosis: Contagious Viral Infection of Lymphocytes
  306. Blood Poisoning: Bacterial Infection of Blood
  307. Anemia: Reduction in Blood’s Oxygen-Carrying Capacity
  308. Leukemia: Uncontrolled Production of White Blood Cells
  309. Multiple Myeloma: Uncontrolled Production of Plasma Cells
  310. Thrombocytopenia: Reduction in Platelet Number
  311. Chapter Summary
  312. 7.1 The Composition and Functions of Blood p. 142
  313. 7.2 Hemostasis: Stopping Blood Loss p. 148
  314. 7.3 Human Blood Types p. 150
  315. 7.4 Blood Substitutes p. 153
  316. 7.5 Blood Disorders p. 154
  317. Terms You Should Know
  318. Concept Review
  319. Test Yourself
  320. Apply What You Know
  321. Chapter 8 Heart and Blood Vessels
  322. Key Concepts
  323. 8.1 Blood Vessels Transport Blood
  324. Arteries Transport Blood Away from the Heart
  325. Arterioles and Precapillary Sphincters Regulate Blood Flow
  326. Capillaries: Where Blood Exchanges Substances with Tissues
  327. The Lymphatic System Helps Maintain Blood Volume
  328. Veins Return Blood to the Heart
  329. Skeletal Muscles Squeeze Veins
  330. One-Way Valves Permit Only One-Way Blood Flow
  331. Pressures Associated with Breathing Push Blood Toward the Heart
  332. 8.2 The Heart Pumps Blood through the Vessels
  333. The Heart Is Mostly Muscle
  334. The Heart Has Four Chambers and Four Valves
  335. The Pattern of Blood Flow Through the Cardiovascular System
  336. Arteries and Veins of the Human Body
  337. The Cardiac Cycle: The Heart Contracts and Relaxes
  338. Heart Sounds Reflect Closing Heart Valves
  339. The Cardiac Conduction System Coordinates Contraction
  340. Electrocardiogram Records the Heart’s Electrical Activity
  341. 8.3 Blood Exerts Pressure Against Vessel Walls
  342. Measuring Blood Pressure
  343. Hypertension: High Blood Pressure Can Be Dangerous
  344. Hypotension: When Blood Pressure Is Too Low
  345. 8.4 How the Cardiovascular System Is Regulated
  346. Baroreceptors Maintain Arterial Blood Pressure
  347. Local Requirements Dictate Local Blood Flows
  348. Exercise: Increased Blood Flow and Cardiac Output
  349. 8.5 Cardiovascular Disorders: A Major Health Issue
  350. Angina: Chest Pain Warns of Impaired Blood Flow
  351. Heart Attack: Permanent Damage to Heart Tissue
  352. Heart Failure: The Heart Becomes Less Efficient
  353. Embolism: Blockage of a Blood Vessel
  354. Stroke: Damage to Blood Vessels in the Brain
  355. 8.6 Replacing a Failing Heart
  356. 8.7 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
  357. Chapter Summary
  358. 8.1 Blood Vessels Transport Blood p. 161
  359. 8.2 The Heart Pumps Blood through the Vessels p. 166
  360. 8.3 Blood Exerts Pressure against Vessel Walls p. 174
  361. 8.4 How the Cardiovascular System Is Regulated p. 177
  362. 8.5 Cardiovascular Disorders: a Major Health Issue p. 179
  363. 8.6 Replacing a Failing Heart p. 182
  364. 8.7 Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease p. 183
  365. Terms You Should Know
  366. Concept Review
  367. Test Yourself
  368. Apply What You Know
  369. Chapter 9 The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense
  370. Key Concepts
  371. 9.1 Pathogens Cause Disease
  372. Bacteria: Single-Celled Living Organisms
  373. Viruses: Tiny Infectious Agents
  374. Prions: Infectious Proteins
  375. Transmissibility, Mode of Transmission, and Virulence Determine Health Risk
  376. 9.2 The Lymphatic System Defends the Body
  377. Lymphatic Vessels Transport Lymph
  378. Lymph Nodes Cleanse the Lymph
  379. The Spleen Cleanses Blood
  380. Thymus Gland Hormones Cause T Lymphocytes to Mature
  381. Tonsils Protect the Throat
  382. 9.3 Keeping Pathogens Out: The First Line of Defense
  383. Skin: An Effective Deterrent
  384. Impeding Pathogen Entry in Areas Not Covered by Skin
  385. Tears, Saliva, and Earwax
  386. Mucus
  387. Digestive and Vaginal Acids
  388. Vomiting, Urination, and Defecation
  389. Resident Bacteria
  390. 9.4 Nonspecific Defenses: The Second Line of Defense
  391. The Complement System Assists Other Defense Mechanisms
  392. Phagocytes Engulf Foreign Cells
  393. Inflammation: Redness, Warmth, Swelling, and Pain
  394. Natural Killer Cells Target Tumors and Virus-Infected Cells
  395. Interferons Interfere with Viral Reproduction
  396. Fever Raises Body Temperature
  397. 9.5 Specific Defense Mechanisms: The Third Line of Defense
  398. The Immune System Targets Antigens
  399. Lymphocytes Are Central to Specific Defenses
  400. B Cells: Antibody-Mediated Immunity
  401. The Five Classes of Antibodies
  402. An Antibody’s Structure Enables It to Bind to a Specific Antigen
  403. T Cells: Cell-Mediated Immunity
  404. Macrophages and B Cells Activate T Cells
  405. Helper T Cells Stimulate Other Immune Cells
  406. Cytotoxic T Cells Kill Abnormal and Foreign Cells
  407. Memory T Cells Reactivate during Later Exposures
  408. 9.6 Immune Memory Creates Immunity
  409. 9.7 Medical Assistance in the War against Pathogens
  410. Active Immunization: An Effective Weapon Against Pathogens
  411. Passive Immunization Can Help Against Existing or Anticipated Infections
  412. Monoclonal Antibodies: Laboratory-Created for Commercial Use
  413. Antibiotics Combat Bacteria
  414. 9.8 Tissue Rejection: A Medical Challenge
  415. 9.9 Inappropriate Immune System Activity Causes Health Problems
  416. Allergies: A Hypersensitive Immune System
  417. Autoimmune Disorders: Defective Recognition of Self
  418. Lupus Erythematosus: Inflamed Connective Tissue
  419. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflamed Synovial Membranes
  420. 9.10 Immune Deficiency: The Special Case of AIDS
  421. HIV Targets Helper T Cells of the Immune System
  422. HIV Is Transmitted in Body Fluids
  423. AIDS Develops Slowly
  424. Phase I
  425. Phase II
  426. Phase III
  427. The AIDS Epidemic: A Global Health Issue
  428. Risky Behaviors Increase Your Chances of Getting AIDS
  429. Making Sex Safer
  430. New Treatments Offer Hope
  431. Chapter Summary
  432. 9.1 Pathogens Cause Disease p. 190
  433. 9.2 The Lymphatic System Defends the Body p. 192
  434. 9.3 Keeping Pathogens Out: The First Line of Defense p. 195
  435. 9.4 Nonspecific Defenses: The Second Line of Defense p. 196
  436. 9.5 Specific Defense Mechanisms: The Third Line of Defense p. 199
  437. 9.6 Immune Memory Creates Immunity p. 205
  438. 9.7 Medical Assistance in the War against Pathogens p. 207
  439. 9.8 Tissue Rejection: A Medical Challenge p. 209
  440. 9.9 Inappropriate Immune System Activity Causes Health Problems p. 209
  441. 9.10 Immune Deficiency: The Special Case of AIDS p. 212
  442. Terms You Should Know
  443. Concept Review
  444. Test Yourself
  445. Apply What You Know
  446. Chapter 10 The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases
  447. Key Concepts
  448. 10.1 Respiration Takes Place Throughout the Body
  449. 10.2 The Respiratory System Consists of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
  450. The Upper Respiratory Tract Filters, Warms, and Humidifies Air
  451. The Lower Respiratory Tract Exchanges Gases
  452. The Larynx Produces Sound
  453. The Trachea Transports Air
  454. Bronchi Branch into the Lungs
  455. The Lungs Are Organs of Gas Exchange
  456. Gas Exchange Occurs in Alveoli
  457. Pulmonary Capillaries Bring Blood and Air into Close Contact
  458. 10.3 The Process of Breathing Involves a Pressure Gradient
  459. Inspiration Brings in Air, Expiration Expels It
  460. Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity Measure Lung Function
  461. 10.4 Gas Exchange and Transport Occur Passively
  462. Gases Diffuse According to Their Partial Pressures
  463. External Respiration: The Exchange of Gases Between Air and Blood
  464. Internal Respiration: The Exchange of Gases with Tissue Fluids
  465. Hemoglobin Transports Most Oxygen Molecules
  466. Most Co2 Is Transported in Plasma as Bicarbonate
  467. 10.5 The Nervous System Regulates Breathing
  468. A Respiratory Center Establishes Rhythm of Breathing
  469. Chemical Receptors Monitor Co2, H+, and O2 Levels
  470. We Can Exert Some Conscious Control
  471. 10.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System
  472. Reduced Air Flow or Gas Exchange Impedes Respiratory Function
  473. Microorganisms Can Cause Respiratory Disorders
  474. Colds and the Flu
  475. Pneumonia
  476. Botulism
  477. Lung Cancer Is Caused by Proliferation of Abnormal Cells
  478. Exposure to Asbestos Can Lead to Mesothelioma
  479. Pneumothorax and Atelectasis: A Failure of Gas Exchange
  480. Congestive Heart Failure Impairs Lung Function
  481. Chapter Summary
  482. 10.1 Respiration Takes Place Throughout the Body p. 221
  483. 10.2 The Respiratory System Consists of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts p. 222
  484. 10.3 The Process of Breathing Involves a Pressure Gradient p. 228
  485. 10.4 Gas Exchange and Transport Occur Passively p. 230
  486. 10.5 The Nervous System Regulates Breathing p. 233
  487. 10.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System p. 235
  488. Terms You Should Know
  489. Concept Review
  490. Test Yourself
  491. Apply What You Know
  492. Chapter 11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control
  493. Key Concepts
  494. 11.1 The Nervous System Has Two Principal Parts
  495. 11.2 Neurons Are the Communication Cells of the Nervous System
  496. 11.3 Neurons Initiate Action Potentials
  497. Sodium-Potassium Pump Maintains Resting Potential
  498. Graded Potentials Can Initiate an Action Potential
  499. Action Potentials Are All-Or-None and Self-Propagating
  500. 11.4 Neuroglial Cells Support and Protect Neurons
  501. 11.5 Information Is Transferred from a Neuron to Its Target
  502. Neurotransmitter Is Released
  503. Neurotransmitters Exert Excitatory or Inhibitory Effects
  504. Postsynaptic Neurons Integrate and Process Information
  505. 11.6 The PNS Relays Information Between Tissues and the CNS
  506. Nerves Carry Signals to and from the CNS
  507. Sensory Neurons Provide Information to the CNS
  508. The Somatic Division Controls Skeletal Muscles
  509. The Autonomic Division Controls Automatic Body Functions
  510. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Oppose Each Other
  511. The Sympathetic Division Arouses the Body
  512. The Parasympathetic Division Predominates during Relaxation
  513. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Work Antagonistically to Maintain Homeostasis
  514. 11.7 The Brain and Spinal Cord Constitute the Cns
  515. Bone, Meninges, and the Blood-Brain Barrier Protect the CNS
  516. The Spinal Cord Relays Information
  517. 11.8 The Brain Processes and Acts on Information
  518. The Hindbrain: Movement and Automatic Functions
  519. The Medulla Oblongata Controls Automatic Functions
  520. The Cerebellum Coordinates Basic Movements
  521. The Pons AIDS Information Flow
  522. The Midbrain: Vision, Hearing, and Sleep/Wakefulness
  523. The Forebrain: Emotions and Conscious Thought
  524. The Hypothalamus and Thalamus Maintain Homeostasis and Process Information
  525. The Limbic System Is Involved in Emotions
  526. The Cerebrum Deals with Higher Functions
  527. 11.9 Memory Involves Storing and Retrieving Information
  528. 11.10 Psychoactive Drugs Affect Higher Brain Functions
  529. 11.11 Disorders of the Nervous System
  530. Trauma
  531. Concussion Disrupts Electrical Activity
  532. Spinal Cord Injuries Impair Sensation and Function
  533. Infections
  534. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the Brain
  535. Meningitis: Inflammation of the Meninges
  536. Rabies: Infectious Viral Disease
  537. Brain Tumors: Abnormal Growths
  538. Disorders of Neural and Synaptic Transmission
  539. Epilepsy: Recurring Episodes of Abnormal Electrical Activity
  540. Alzheimer’s Disease: A Buildup of Abnormal Proteins
  541. Parkinson’s Disease: Loss of Dopamine-Releasing Neurons
  542. Chapter Summary
  543. 11.1 The Nervous System Has Two Principal Parts p. 245
  544. 11.2 Neurons Are the Communication Cells of the Nervous System p. 246
  545. 11.3 Neurons Initiate Action Potentials p. 247
  546. 11.4 Neuroglial Cells Support and Protect Neurons p. 251
  547. 11.5 Information Is Transferred from a Neuron to Its Target p. 252
  548. 11.6 The PNS Relays Information Between Tissues and the CNS p. 254
  549. 11.7 The Brain and Spinal Cord Constitute the CNS p. 259
  550. 11.8 The Brain Processes and Acts on Information p. 261
  551. 11.9 Memory Involves Storing and Retrieving Information p. 265
  552. 11.10 Psychoactive Drugs Affect Higher Brain Functions p. 265
  553. 11.11 Disorders of the Nervous System p. 266
  554. Terms You Should Know
  555. Concept Review
  556. Test Yourself
  557. Apply What You Know
  558. Chapter 12 Sensory Mechanisms
  559. Key Concepts
  560. 12.1 Receptors Receive and Convert Stimuli
  561. Receptors Are Classified According to Stimulus
  562. The CNS Interprets Nerve Impulses Based on Origin and Frequency
  563. Some Receptors Adapt to Continuing Stimuli
  564. Somatic Sensations and Special Senses Provide Sensory Information
  565. 12.2 Somatic Sensations Arise from Receptors Throughout the Body
  566. The Skin Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors
  567. Mechanoreceptors Indicate Limb Position, Muscle Length, and Tension
  568. Thermoreceptors Detect Temperature
  569. Pain Receptors Signal Discomfort
  570. 12.3 Taste and Smell Depend on Chemoreceptors
  571. Taste: Chemoreceptors Bind with Dissolved Substances
  572. Smell: Chemoreceptors Bind with Odorants
  573. 12.4 Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Detect Sound Waves
  574. The Outer Ear Channels Sound Waves
  575. The Middle Ear Amplifies Sound
  576. The Inner Ear Sorts and Converts Sounds
  577. 12.5 The Inner Ear Plays an Essential Role in Balance
  578. Sensing Rotational Movement
  579. Sensing Head Position and Acceleration
  580. 12.6 Vision: Detecting and Interpreting Visual Stimuli
  581. Structure of the Eye
  582. Regulating the Amount of Light and Focusing the Image
  583. Eyeball Shape Affects Focus
  584. Light Is Converted into Action Potentials
  585. Rods and Cones Respond to Light
  586. Rods Provide Vision in Dim Light
  587. Cones Provide Color Vision and Accurate Images
  588. Visual Receptors Adapt
  589. 12.7 Disorders of Sensory Mechanisms
  590. Chapter Summary
  591. 12.1 Receptors Receive and Convert Stimuli p. 276
  592. 12.2 Somatic Sensations Arise from Receptors Throughout the Body p. 278
  593. 12.3 Taste and Smell Depend on Chemoreceptors p. 281
  594. 12.4 Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Detect Sound Waves p. 283
  595. 12.5 The Inner Ear Plays an Essential Role in Balance p. 286
  596. 12.6 Vision: Detecting and Interpreting Visual Stimuli p. 288
  597. 12.7 Disorders of Sensory Mechanisms p. 293
  598. Terms You Should Know
  599. Concept Review
  600. Test Yourself
  601. Apply What You Know
  602. Chapter 13 The Endocrine System
  603. Key Concepts
  604. 13.1 The Endocrine System Produces Hormones
  605. 13.2 Hormones Are Classified as Steroid or Nonsteroid
  606. Steroid Hormones Enter Target Cells
  607. Nonsteroid Hormones Bind to Receptors on Target Cell Membranes
  608. Some Hormones Participate in Negative Feedback Loops
  609. 13.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
  610. The Posterior Pituitary Stores ADH and Oxytocin
  611. Adh Regulates Water Balance
  612. Oxytocin Causes Uterine Contractions and Milk Ejection
  613. The Anterior Pituitary Produces Six Key Hormones
  614. Acth Stimulates the Adrenal Cortex
  615. TSH Acts on the Thyroid Gland
  616. FSH and LH Stimulate the Reproductive Organs
  617. Prolactin (PRL): Mammary Glands and Milk Production
  618. Growth Hormone (GH): Widespread Effects on Growth
  619. Pituitary Disorders: Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion
  620. 13.4 The Pancreas Secretes Glucagon, Insulin, and Somatostatin
  621. 13.5 The Adrenal Glands Comprise the Cortex and Medulla
  622. The Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
  623. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
  624. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
  625. The Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
  626. 13.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
  627. The Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine Speeds Cellular Metabolism
  628. Iodine Deficiency Can Cause Goiter
  629. Calcitonin Promotes Bone Growth
  630. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Controls Blood Calcium Levels
  631. 13.7 Testes and Ovaries Produce Sex Hormones
  632. Testes Produce Testosterone
  633. Ovaries Produce Estrogen and Progesterone
  634. 13.8 Other Glands and Organs Also Secrete Hormones
  635. Thymus Gland Hormones Aid the Immune System
  636. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin
  637. Endocrine Functions of the Heart, the Digestive System, and the Kidneys
  638. 13.9 Other Chemical Messengers
  639. Histamine Is Important in Inflammation
  640. Prostaglandins: Local Control of Blood Flow
  641. Nitric Oxide Has Multiple Functions
  642. Growth Factors Regulate Tissue Growth
  643. 13.10 Disorders of the Endocrine System
  644. Diabetes Mellitus: Inadequate Control of Blood Sugar
  645. Hypothyroidism: Underactive Thyroid Gland
  646. Hyperthyroidism: Overactive Thyroid Gland
  647. Addison’s Disease: Too Little Cortisol and Aldosterone
  648. Cushing’s Syndrome: Too Much Cortisol
  649. Hypogonadism: Too Little Testosterone
  650. Chapter Summary
  651. 13.1 The Endocrine System Produces Hormones p. 300
  652. 13.2 Hormones Are Classified as Steroid or Nonsteroid p. 302
  653. 13.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland p. 304
  654. 13.4 The Pancreas Secretes Glucagon, Insulin, and Somatostatin p. 309
  655. 13.5 The Adrenal Glands Comprise the Cortex and Medulla p. 310
  656. 13.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands p. 311
  657. 13.7 Testes and Ovaries Produce Sex Hormones p. 314
  658. 13.8 Other Glands and Organs Also Secrete Hormones p. 314
  659. 13.9 Other chemical messengers p. 316
  660. 13.10 Disorders of the Endocrine System p. 317
  661. Terms You Should Know
  662. Concept Review
  663. Test Yourself
  664. Apply What You Know
  665. Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition
  666. Key Concepts
  667. 14.1 The Digestive System Brings Nutrients into the Body
  668. The Walls of the Gi Tract Are Composed of Four Layers
  669. Five Basic Processes Accomplish Digestive System Function
  670. Two Types of Motility Aid Digestive Processes
  671. 14.2 The Mouth Processes Food for Swallowing
  672. Teeth Bite and Chew Food
  673. The Tongue Positions and Tastes Food
  674. Saliva Begins the Process of Digestion
  675. 14.3 The Pharynx and Esophagus Deliver Food to the Stomach
  676. 14.4 The Stomach Stores Food, Digests Protein, and Regulates Delivery
  677. Gastric Juice Breaks Down Proteins
  678. Stomach Contractions Mix Food and Push It Forward
  679. 14.5 The Small Intestine Digests Food and Absorbs Nutrients and Water
  680. 14.6 Accessory Organs Aid Digestion and Absorption
  681. The Pancreas Secretes Enzymes and NaHCO3
  682. The Liver Produces Bile and Performs Many Other Functions
  683. The Gallbladder Stores Bile until Needed
  684. 14.7 The Large Intestine Absorbs Nutrients and Eliminates Wastes
  685. 14.8 How Nutrients Are Absorbed
  686. Proteins and Carbohydrates Are Digested, Then Absorbed
  687. Lipids Are Broken Down, Then Reassembled
  688. Water Is Absorbed by Osmosis
  689. Vitamins and Minerals Follow a Variety of Paths
  690. 14.9 Nerves and Hormones Regulate Digestion
  691. 14.10 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat
  692. ChooseMyPlate.Gov Offers a Personalized Approach
  693. Carbohydrates: A Major Energy Source
  694. Lipids: Essential Cell Components and Energy Sources
  695. Complete Proteins Contain Every Amino Acid
  696. Vitamins Are Essential for Normal Function
  697. Minerals: Elements Essential for Body Processes
  698. Fiber Benefits the Colon
  699. 14.11 Food Labels
  700. 14.12 Energy Balance
  701. Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Physical Activity
  702. Healthy Weight Improves Overall Health
  703. Obesity
  704. 14.13 Eating Disorders
  705. 14.14 Disorders of the Digestive System
  706. Disorders of the GI Tract
  707. Lactose Intolerance: Difficulty Digesting Milk
  708. Peptic Ulcers: Sores in the Stomach
  709. Celiac Disease (Gluten Intolerance)
  710. Diverticulosis: Weakness in the Wall of the Large Intestine
  711. Colon Polyps: Noncancerous Growths
  712. Disorders of the Accessory Organs
  713. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the Liver
  714. Gallstones Can Obstruct Bile Flow
  715. Chapter Summary
  716. 14.1 The Digestive System Brings Nutrients into the Body p. 325
  717. 14.2 The Mouth Processes Food for Swallowing p. 327
  718. 14.3 The Pharynx and Esophagus Deliver Food to the Stomach p. 329
  719. 14.4 The Stomach Stores Food, Digests Protein, and Regulates Delivery p. 330
  720. 14.5 The Small Intestine Digests Food and Absorbs Nutrients and Water p. 332
  721. 14.6 Accessory Organs Aid Digestion and Absorption p. 333
  722. 14.7 The Large Intestine Absorbs Nutrients and Eliminates Wastes p. 335
  723. 14.8 How Nutrients Are Absorbed p. 335
  724. 14.9 Nerves and Hormones Regulate Digestion p. 338
  725. 14.10 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat p. 338
  726. 14.11 Food Labels p. 343
  727. 14.12 Energy Balance p. 344
  728. 14.13 Eating Disorders p. 345
  729. 14.14 Disorders of the Digestive System p. 346
  730. Terms You Should Know
  731. Concept Review
  732. Test Yourself
  733. Apply What You Know
  734. Chapter 15 The Urinary System
  735. Key Concepts
  736. 15.1 The Urinary System Regulates Body Fluids
  737. The Kidneys Regulate Water Levels
  738. The Kidneys Regulate Nitrogenous Wastes and Other Solutes
  739. 15.2 Organs of the Urinary System
  740. Ureters Transport Urine to the Bladder
  741. Urinary Bladder Stores Urine
  742. The Urethra Carries Urine from the Body
  743. 15.3 The Internal Structure of a Kidney
  744. Special Blood Vessels Supply the Tubule
  745. 15.4 Formation of Urine: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
  746. Glomerular Filtration Filters Fluid from Capillaries
  747. Tubular Reabsorption Returns Filtered Water and Solutes to Blood
  748. Tubular Secretion Removes Other Substances from Blood
  749. 15.5 Producing Diluted or Concentrated Urine
  750. Producing Dilute Urine: Excreting Excess Water
  751. Producing Concentrated Urine: Conserving Water
  752. 15.6 Urination Depends on a Reflex
  753. 15.7 The Kidneys Contribute to Homeostasis in Many Ways
  754. Adh Regulates Water Balance
  755. Aldosterone Regulates Salt Balance
  756. The Renin-Angiotensin System Controls Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
  757. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone Protects against Blood Volume Excess
  758. Kidneys Help Maintain Acid-Base Balance and Blood pH
  759. Erythropoietin Stimulates Production of Red Blood Cells
  760. Kidneys Activate Vitamin D
  761. 15.8 Disorders of the Urinary System
  762. Kidney Stones Can Block Urine Flow
  763. Urinary Tract Infections Are Often Caused by Bacteria
  764. Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Impair Kidney Function
  765. Dialysis Cleanses the Blood Artificially
  766. Kidney Transplants Are a Permanent Solution to Renal Failure
  767. Urinary Incontinence Is a Loss of Bladder Control
  768. Chapter Summary
  769. 15.1 The Urinary System Regulates Body Fluids p. 353
  770. 15.2 Organs of the Urinary System p. 354
  771. 15.3 The Internal Structure of a Kidney p. 356
  772. 15.4 Formation of Urine: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion p. 358
  773. 15.5 Producing Diluted or Concentrated Urine p. 362
  774. 15.6 Urination Depends on a Reflex p. 363
  775. 15.7 The Kidneys Contribute to Homeostasis in Many Ways p. 363
  776. 15.8 Disorders of the Urinary System p. 367
  777. Terms You Should Know
  778. Concept Review
  779. Test Yourself
  780. Apply What You Know
  781. Chapter 16 Reproductive Systems
  782. Key Concepts
  783. 16.1 The Male Reproductive System Delivers Sperm
  784. Testes Produce Sperm
  785. Accessory Glands Help Sperm Survive
  786. Sperm Production Requires Several Cell Divisions
  787. Testosterone Affects Male Reproductive Capacity
  788. 16.2 The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy
  789. Ovaries Release Oocytes and Secrete Hormones
  790. The Uterus Nurtures the Developing Embryo
  791. The Vagina: Organ of Sexual Intercourse and Birth Canal
  792. Mammary Glands Nourish the Infant
  793. 16.3 The Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
  794. The Ovarian Cycle: Oocytes Mature and Are Released
  795. The Uterine Cycle Prepares the Uterus for Pregnancy
  796. Cyclic Changes in Hormone Levels Produce the Menstrual Cycle
  797. 16.4 Human Sexual Response, Intercourse, and Fertilization
  798. The Male Sexual Response
  799. The Female Sexual Response
  800. Fertilization: One Sperm Penetrates the Egg
  801. 16.5 Birth Control Methods: Controlling Fertility
  802. Abstinence: Not Having Intercourse
  803. Surgical Sterilization: Vasectomy and Tubal Ligation
  804. Hormonal Methods: Pills, Injections, Patches, and Rings
  805. Iuds Are Inserted into the Uterus
  806. Diaphragms and Cervical Caps Block the Cervix
  807. Chemical Spermicides Kill Sperm
  808. Condoms Trap Ejaculated Sperm
  809. Withdrawal and Periodic Abstinence
  810. Pills That Can Be Used after Intercourse
  811. Elective Abortion
  812. The Future in Birth Control
  813. 16.6 Infertility: Inability to Conceive
  814. Infertility Can Have Many Causes
  815. Enhancing Fertility
  816. Artificial Insemination
  817. Artificial Reproductive Technologies
  818. Fertility-Enhancing Drugs
  819. 16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  820. Bacterial Stds: Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Chlamydia
  821. Syphilis
  822. Gonorrhea
  823. Chlamydia
  824. Viral Stds: HIV, Hepatitis B, Hpv, and Genital Herpes
  825. HIV
  826. Hepatitis B
  827. Human Papillomavirus (Hpv)
  828. Genital Herpes
  829. Other Stds: Yeast Infections, Trichomoniasis, and Pubic Lice
  830. Yeast Infections
  831. Trichomoniasis
  832. Pubic Lice
  833. Protecting Yourself against Stds
  834. Chapter Summary
  835. 16.1 The Male Reproductive System Delivers Sperm p. 375
  836. 16.2 The Female Reproductive System Produces Eggs and Supports Pregnancy p. 379
  837. 16.3 The Menstrual Cycle Consists of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles p. 381
  838. 16.4 Human Sexual Response, Intercourse, and Fertilization p. 384
  839. 16.5 Birth Control Methods: Controlling Fertility p. 385
  840. 16.6 Infertility: Inability to Conceive p. 389
  841. 16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases p. 391
  842. Terms You Should Know
  843. Concept Review
  844. Test Yourself
  845. Apply What You Know
  846. Chapter 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation
  847. Key Concepts
  848. 17.1 The Cell Cycle Creates New Cells
  849. 17.2 DNA Structure and Function: An Overview
  850. Replication: Copying DNA before Cell Division
  851. Mutations Are Alterations in DNA
  852. Mechanisms of DNA Repair
  853. Transcription: Converting a Gene’S Code into Mrna
  854. Translation: Making a Protein from Rna
  855. 17.3 Cell Reproduction: One Cell Becomes Two
  856. Mitosis: Daughter Cells Are Identical to the Parent Cell
  857. Prophase
  858. Metaphase
  859. Anaphase
  860. Telophase
  861. Cytokinesis Divides One Cell into Two Identical Cells
  862. Mitosis Produces Cells Identical to the Parent Cell
  863. Meiosis Prepares Cells for Sexual Reproduction
  864. Meiosis I
  865. Meiosis Ii
  866. Sex Differences in Meiosis: Four Sperm versus One Egg
  867. 17.4 How Cell Reproduction Is Regulated
  868. 17.5 Environmental Factors Influence Cell Differentiation
  869. Differentiation during Early Development
  870. Differentiation Later in Development
  871. 17.6 Reproductive Cloning Requires an Undifferentiated Cell
  872. Embryo Splitting Produces Identical Offspring
  873. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Produces a Clone of an Adult
  874. 17.7 Therapeutic Cloning: Creating Tissues and Organs
  875. Chapter Summary
  876. 17.1 The Cell Cycle Creates New Cells p. 401
  877. 17.2 DNA Structure and Function: an Overview p. 402
  878. 17.3 Cell Reproduction: One Cell Becomes Two p. 407
  879. 17.4 How Cell Reproduction Is Regulated p. 411
  880. 17.5 Environmental Factors Influence Cell Differentiation p. 412
  881. 17.6 Reproductive Cloning Requires an Undifferentiated Cell p. 413
  882. 17.7 Therapeutic Cloning: Creating Tissues and Organs p. 415
  883. Terms You Should Know
  884. Concept Review
  885. Test Yourself
  886. Apply What You Know
  887. Chapter 18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
  888. Key Concepts
  889. 18.1 Tumors Can Be Benign or Cancerous
  890. 18.2 Cancer Cells Undergo Structural and Functional Changes
  891. a Pattern of Changes Leading to a Lack of Control
  892. Cancer Stages
  893. 18.3 Factors Contributing to Cancer Development
  894. Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Mutator Genes Contribute to Cancer
  895. a Variety of Factors Can Lead to Cancer
  896. Certain Viruses and Bacteria
  897. Toxic Chemicals in the Environment
  898. Tobacco
  899. Alcohol
  900. Radiation
  901. Diet and Obesity
  902. Internal Factors
  903. The Immune System Plays an Important Role in Cancer Prevention
  904. 18.4 Advances in Diagnosis Enable Early Detection
  905. Tumor Imaging: X-Rays, Pet, and Mri
  906. Genetic Testing Can Identify Mutated Genes
  907. Enzyme Tests May Detect Cancer Markers
  908. 18.5 Cancer Treatments
  909. Conventional Cancer Treatments: Surgery, Radiation, and Chemotherapy
  910. Magnetism and Photodynamic Therapy Target Malignant Cells
  911. Immunotherapy Promotes Immune Response
  912. “Starving” Cancer by Inhibiting Angiogenesis
  913. Molecular Treatments Target Defective Genes
  914. 18.6 The Ten Deadliest Cancers
  915. Lung Cancer: Smoking Is Leading Risk Factor
  916. Cancers of Colon and Rectum: Tests Can Detect Them Early
  917. Breast Cancer: Early Detection Pays Off
  918. Pancreatic Cancer: Rarely Detected Early Enough
  919. Prostate Cancer: Most Common after Age 50
  920. Leukemia: Chemotherapy Is Often Effective
  921. Lymphoma: Cancers of Lymphoid Tissues
  922. Urinary Bladder Cancer: Surgery Is Often Successful If Done Early
  923. Esophageal Cancer: a High Ratio of Deaths to Cases
  924. Cancer of the Uterus: Unusual Uterine Bleeding Is Major Symptom
  925. 18.7 Some Other Notable Cancers
  926. Kidney Cancers
  927. Skin Cancer
  928. Ovarian Cancer
  929. Testicular Cancer
  930. 18.8 Most Cancers Could Be Prevented
  931. Chapter Summary
  932. 18.1 Tumors Can Be Benign or Cancerous p. 421
  933. 18.2 Cancer Cells Undergo Structural and Functional Changes p. 422
  934. 18.3 Factors Contributing to Cancer Development p. 424
  935. 18.4 Advances in Diagnosis Enable Early Detection p. 428
  936. 18.5 Cancer Treatments p. 430
  937. 18.6 The Ten Deadliest Cancers p. 432
  938. 18.7 Some Other Notable Cancers p. 436
  939. 18.8 Most Cancers Could Be Prevented p. 437
  940. Terms You Should Know
  941. Concept Review
  942. Test Yourself
  943. Apply What You Know
  944. Chapter 19 Genetics and Inheritance
  945. Key Concepts
  946. 19.1 Your Genotype Is the Genetic Basis of Your Phenotype
  947. 19.2 Genetic Inheritance Follows Certain Patterns
  948. Punnett Square Analysis Predicts Patterns of Inheritance
  949. Mendel Established the Basic Principles of Genetics
  950. Dominant Alleles Are Expressed Over Recessive Alleles
  951. Two-Trait Crosses: Independent Assortment of Genes for Different Traits
  952. 19.3 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
  953. Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygotes Have an Intermediate Phenotype
  954. Codominance: Both Gene Products Are Equally Expressed
  955. 19.4 Other Factors Influencing Inheritance Patterns and Phenotype
  956. Polygenic Inheritance: Phenotype Is Influenced by Many Genes
  957. Both Genotype and the Environment Affect Phenotype
  958. Linked Alleles May or May Not Be Inherited Together
  959. 19.5 Sex-Linked Inheritance
  960. Sex-Linked Inheritance Depends on Genes Located on Sex Chromosomes
  961. Sex-Influenced Traits Are Affected by Actions of Sex Genes
  962. 19.6 Alterations in Chromosome Number or Structure
  963. Down Syndrome: Three Copies of Chromosome 21
  964. Alterations of the Number of Sex Chromosomes
  965. Xyy—Jacob Syndrome
  966. Xxy—Klinefelter Syndrome
  967. Xxx—Trisomy-X Syndrome
  968. Xo—Turner Syndrome
  969. MJ’s BlogInFocus
  970. Deletions and Translocations Alter Chromosome Structure
  971. 19.7 Inherited Disorders Involving Recessive Alleles
  972. Phenylketonuria Is Caused by a Missing Enzyme
  973. Tay-Sachs Disease Leads to Brain Dysfunction
  974. Huntington Disease Is Caused by a Dominant-Lethal Allele
  975. 19.8 Genes Code for Proteins, Not for Specific Behaviors
  976. Chapter Summary
  977. 19.1 Your Genotype Is the Genetic Basis of Your Phenotype p. 443
  978. 19.2 Genetic Inheritance Follows Certain Patterns p. 445
  979. 19.3 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance p. 450
  980. 19.4 Other Factors Influencing Inheritance Patterns and Phenotype p. 452
  981. 19.5 Sex-Linked Inheritance p. 454
  982. 19.6 Alterations in Chromosome Number or Structure p. 456
  983. 19.7 Inherited Disorders Involving Recessive Alleles p. 458
  984. 19.8 Genes Code for Proteins, Not for Specific Behaviors p. 459
  985. Terms You Should Know
  986. Concept Review
  987. Test Yourself
  988. Apply What You Know
  989. Chapter 20 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
  990. Key Concepts
  991. 20.1 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Structure of DNA
  992. 20.2 DNA Can Be Cloned in the Laboratory
  993. Recombinant DNA Technology: Isolating and Cloning Genes
  994. Cloning DNA Fragments: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  995. Identifying the Source of DNA: DNA Fingerprinting
  996. 20.3 Genetic Engineering Creates Transgenic Organisms
  997. Transgenic Bacteria Have Many Uses
  998. Transgenic Plants: More Vitamins and Better Pest Resistance
  999. Transgenic Animals: a Bigger Challenge
  1000. 20.4 Gene Therapy: The Hope of the Future?
  1001. Gene Therapy Must Overcome Many Obstacles
  1002. Vectors Transfer Genes into Human Cells
  1003. Success with Scid Gives Hope
  1004. Research Targets Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer
  1005. Chapter Summary
  1006. 20.1 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Structure of DNA p. 466
  1007. 20.2 DNA Can Be Cloned in the Laboratory p. 467
  1008. 20.3 Genetic Engineering Creates Transgenic Organisms p. 471
  1009. 20.4 Gene Therapy: The Hope of the Future? p. 474
  1010. Terms You Should Know
  1011. Concept Review
  1012. Test Yourself
  1013. Apply What You Know
  1014. Chapter 21 Development, Maturation, Aging, and Death
  1015. Key Concepts
  1016. 21.1 Fertilization Begins When Sperm and Egg Unite
  1017. The Journeys of Egg and Sperm
  1018. One Sperm Fertilizes the Egg
  1019. Twins May Be Fraternal or Identical
  1020. 21.2 Developmental Processes: Cleavage, Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis
  1021. 21.3 Pre-Embryonic Development: The First Two Weeks
  1022. 21.4 Embryonic Development: Weeks Three to Eight
  1023. Tissues and Organs Derive from Three Germ Layers
  1024. Extra-Embryonic Membranes
  1025. The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
  1026. The Embryo Develops Rapidly
  1027. 21.5 Gender Development
  1028. 21.6 Fetal Development: Nine Weeks to Birth
  1029. Months Three and Four
  1030. Months Five and Six
  1031. Months Seven through Nine
  1032. 21.7 Birth and the Early Postnatal Period
  1033. Labor Ends in Delivery
  1034. Cesarean Delivery: Surgical Delivery of a Baby
  1035. The Transition from Fetus to Newborn
  1036. Taking the First Breath
  1037. Changes in the Cardiovascular System
  1038. Lactation Produces Milk to Nourish the Newborn
  1039. 21.8 Maturation: from Birth to Adulthood
  1040. The Neonatal Period: A Helpless Time
  1041. Infancy: Rapid Development and Maturation of Organ Systems
  1042. Childhood: Continued Development and Growth
  1043. Adolescence: The Transition to Adulthood
  1044. 21.9 Aging
  1045. What Causes Aging?
  1046. An Internal Cellular Program Counts Cell Divisions
  1047. Cells Become Damaged beyond Repair
  1048. Aging Is a Whole-Body Process
  1049. Body Systems Age at Different Rates
  1050. Musculoskeletal System and Skin
  1051. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
  1052. Immune System
  1053. Nervous and Sensory Systems
  1054. Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
  1055. Digestion and Nutrition
  1056. Urinary System
  1057. Aging Well
  1058. 21.10 Death
  1059. Chapter Summary
  1060. 21.1 Fertilization Begins When Sperm and Egg Unite p. 481
  1061. 21.2 Developmental Processes: Cleavage, Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis p. 484
  1062. 21.3 Pre-Embryonic Development: The First Two Weeks p. 484
  1063. 21.4 Embryonic Development: Weeks Three to Eight p. 485
  1064. 21.5 Gender Development p. 489
  1065. 21.6 Fetal Development: Nine Weeks to Birth p. 490
  1066. 21.7 Birth and the Early Postnatal Period p. 490
  1067. 21.8 Maturation: from Birth to Adulthood p. 494
  1068. 21.9 Aging p. 496
  1069. 21.10 Death p. 500
  1070. Terms You Should Know
  1071. Concept Review
  1072. Test Yourself
  1073. Apply What You Know
  1074. Chapter 22 Evolution and the Origins of Life
  1075. Key Concepts
  1076. 22.1 The Evidence for Evolution
  1077. The Fossil Record: Incomplete but Valuable
  1078. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Provide More Evidence
  1079. Comparative Biochemistry Examines Similarities Between Molecules
  1080. Biogeography: The Impact of Geographic Barriers and Continental Drift on Evolutionary Processes
  1081. 22.2 Natural Selection Contributes to Evolution
  1082. Random Mutations Underlie Evolution
  1083. Natural Selection Encourages Changes in the Gene Pool
  1084. Genetic Drift and Gene Flow Alter Populations
  1085. Mass Extinctions Eliminated Many Species
  1086. Evolutionary Trees Trace Relationships between Species
  1087. 22.3 In the Beginning, Earth Was Too Hot for Life
  1088. 22.4 The First Cells Lived Without Oxygen
  1089. Organic Molecules Formed from Atmospheric Gases
  1090. Self-Replicating Rna and DNA Formed
  1091. The First Living Cells Were Anaerobic
  1092. 22.5 Photosynthesis Altered the Course of Evolution
  1093. Aerobic Organisms Evolved
  1094. The Rise of Animals and Our Human Ancestors
  1095. 22.6 Humans Share a Common Ancestor with Primates
  1096. Humans Are Primates
  1097. Evolution of Homo Sapiens
  1098. Ardipithecus Ramidus: Walked Upright Some of the Time
  1099. Australopithecus Afarensis: Most Definitely Walked Upright
  1100. Homo Habilis: The First Toolmaker
  1101. Homo Erectus: out of Africa
  1102. Homo Sapiens: out of Africa Again
  1103. Differences within the Human Species
  1104. Chapter Summary
  1105. 22.1 The Evidence for Evolution p. 506
  1106. 22.2 Natural Selection Contributes to Evolution p. 510
  1107. 22.3 in the Beginning, Earth Was Too Hot for Life p. 512
  1108. 22.4 The First Cells Lived Without Oxygen p. 512
  1109. 22.5 Photosynthesis Altered the Course of Evolution p. 513
  1110. 22.6 Humans Share a Common Ancestor with Primates p. 514
  1111. Terms You Should Know
  1112. Concept Review
  1113. Test Yourself
  1114. Apply What You Know
  1115. Chapter 23 Ecosystems and Populations
  1116. Key Concepts
  1117. 23.1 Ecosystems: Living Organisms and Their Environment
  1118. 23.2 The Dynamic Nature of Populations
  1119. Where a Species Lives: Habitat and Range
  1120. Population Growth Rate Tends Toward Biotic Potential
  1121. Environmental Resistance Limits Biotic Potential
  1122. Invasive Species Alter the Ecological Balance
  1123. 23.3 Communities: Different Species Living Together
  1124. Overlapping Niches Foster Competition
  1125. Succession Leads Toward a Mature Community
  1126. Ecosystems: Communities and Their Physical Environment
  1127. 23.4 Energy Flows through Living Organisms
  1128. Producers Capture and Convert Energy, Consumers Rely on Stored Energy
  1129. A Food Web: Interactions Among Producers and Consumers
  1130. The Lower Levels of an Ecological Pyramid Support Consumer Populations
  1131. Human Activities Disrupt Ecological Pyramids
  1132. 23.5 The Matter (Material) Comprising Living Organisms Is Recycled
  1133. The Water Cycle Is Essential to Other Biogeochemical Cycles
  1134. The Carbon Cycle: Organisms Exchange CO2 with the Atmosphere
  1135. Nitrogen: An Essential Component of Nucleic Acids and Proteins
  1136. Phosphorus: A Sedimentary Cycle
  1137. 23.6 Human Population Growth
  1138. Zero Population Growth Has Not Yet Been Achieved
  1139. Population Age Structure Is Linked to Economic Development
  1140. Chapter Summary
  1141. 23.1 Ecosystems: Living Organisms and Their Environment p. 524
  1142. 23.2 The Dynamic Nature of Populations p. 524
  1143. 23.3 Communities: Different Species Living Together p. 526
  1144. 23.4 Energy Flows through Living Organisms p. 528
  1145. 23.5 The Matter (Material) Comprising Living Organisms Is Recycled p. 532
  1146. 23.6 Human Population Growth p. 536
  1147. Terms You Should Know
  1148. Concept Review
  1149. Test Yourself
  1150. Apply What You Know
  1151. Chapter 24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues
  1152. Key Concepts
  1153. 24.1 Pollutants Impair Air Quality
  1154. Excessive Greenhouse Gases Are Causing Global Warming
  1155. CFCs Deplete the Ozone Layer
  1156. Pollutants Produce Acid Rain
  1157. Smog Blankets Industrial Areas
  1158. 24.2 Pollution Jeopardizes Scarce Water Supplies
  1159. Water Is Scarce and Unequally Distributed
  1160. Urbanization Increases Storm Water Runoff
  1161. Human Activities Pollute Freshwater
  1162. Groundwater Pollution May Impair Human Health
  1163. Oil Pollution and Garbage Are Damaging Oceans and Shorelines
  1164. 24.3 Pollution and Overuse Damage the Land
  1165. 24.4 Energy: Many Options, Many Choices
  1166. 24.5 Environmental Change and Loss of Biodiversity
  1167. Humans Alter and Destroy Habitats
  1168. Urbanization Is a Major Force for Environmental Change
  1169. Biodiversity Is Healthy for Humans, Too
  1170. 24.6 Toward Sustainable Development
  1171. Measuring Sustainability and Quality of Life
  1172. Strategies to Support Sustainable Development
  1173. Consume Less
  1174. Recycle More
  1175. Encourage Sustainable Agriculture
  1176. Support Green Roofs
  1177. Lower Fertility Rates
  1178. Reduce Rural Poverty
  1179. Conserve Energy in Your Home
  1180. Use Environmentally Preferable Products
  1181. Protect Ecosystems That Provide Beneficial Services
  1182. Chapter Summary
  1183. 24.1 Pollutants Impair Air Quality p. 544
  1184. 24.2 Pollution Jeopardizes Scarce Water Supplies p. 546
  1185. 24.3 Pollution and Overuse Damage the Land p. 549
  1186. 24.4 Energy: Many Options, Many Choices p. 550
  1187. 24.5 Environmental Change and Loss of Biodiversity p. 552
  1188. 24.6 Toward Sustainable Development p. 553
  1189. Terms You Should Know
  1190. Concept Review
  1191. Test Yourself
  1192. Apply What You Know
  1193. Glossary
  1194. Answers to and Test Yourself Questions
  1195. Chapter 1
  1196. Questions
  1197. Test Yourself
  1198. Chapter 2
  1199. Questions
  1200. Test Yourself
  1201. Chapter 3
  1202. Questions
  1203. Test Yourself
  1204. Chapter 4
  1205. Questions
  1206. Test Yourself
  1207. Chapter 5
  1208. Questions
  1209. Test Yourself
  1210. Chapter 6
  1211. Questions
  1212. Test Yourself
  1213. Chapter 7
  1214. Questions
  1215. Test Yourself
  1216. Chapter 8
  1217. Questions
  1218. Test Yourself
  1219. Chapter 9
  1220. Questions
  1221. Test Yourself
  1222. Chapter 10
  1223. Questions
  1224. Test Yourself
  1225. Chapter 11
  1226. Questions
  1227. Test Yourself
  1228. Chapter 12
  1229. Questions
  1230. Test Yourself
  1231. Chapter 13
  1232. Questions
  1233. Test Yourself
  1234. Chapter 14
  1235. Questions
  1236. Test Yourself
  1237. Chapter 15
  1238. Questions
  1239. Test Yourself
  1240. Chapter 16
  1241. Questions
  1242. Test Yourself
  1243. Chapter 17
  1244. Questions
  1245. Test Yourself
  1246. Chapter 18
  1247. Questions
  1248. Test Yourself
  1249. Chapter 19
  1250. Questions
  1251. Test Yourself
  1252. Chapter 20
  1253. Questions
  1254. Test Yourself
  1255. Chapter 21
  1256. Questions
  1257. Test Yourself
  1258. Chapter 22
  1259. Questions
  1260. Test Yourself
  1261. Chapter 23
  1262. Questions
  1263. Test Yourself
  1264. Chapter 24
  1265. Questions
  1266. Test Yourself
  1267. Credits
  1268. Photo Credits
  1269. Chapter 1
  1270. Chapter 2
  1271. Chapter 3
  1272. Chapter 4
  1273. Chapter 5
  1274. Chapter 6
  1275. Chapter 7
  1276. Chapter 8
  1277. Chapter 9
  1278. Chapter 10
  1279. Chapter 11
  1280. Chapter 12
  1281. Chapter 13
  1282. Chapter 14
  1283. Chapter 15
  1284. Chapter 16
  1285. Chapter 17
  1286. Chapter 18
  1287. Chapter 19
  1288. Chapter 20
  1289. Chapter 21
  1290. Chapter 22
  1291. Chapter 23
  1292. Chapter 24
  1293. Text Credits
  1294. Chapter 1
  1295. Chapter 4
  1296. Index
  1297. A
  1298. B
  1299. C
  1300. D
  1301. E
  1302. F
  1303. G
  1304. H
  1305. I
  1306. J
  1307. K
  1308. L
  1309. M
  1310. N
  1311. O
  1312. P
  1313. Q
  1314. R
  1315. S
  1316. T
  1317. U
  1318. V
  1319. W
  1320. X
  1321. Y
  1322. Z

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