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Test Bank for General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 3rd Edition: Karen C. Timberlake Download

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This is completed downloadable of Test Bank for General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 3rd Edition: Karen C. Timberlake

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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0321668057
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0321668059
Author: Karen C. Timberlake

For courses in General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Make connections between chemistry and future health-related careers General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life engages students by helping them see the connections between chemistry, the world around them, and future health-related careers. Known for its friendly writing style, student focus, robust problem-solving pedagogy, and engaging health-related applications, the text prepares students for their careers. The text breaks chemical concepts and problem solving into clear, manageable pieces to ensure students stay on track and motivated throughout their first, and often only, chemistry course. With the newly revised 6th Edition, best-selling author Karen Timberlake and new contributing author MaryKay Orgill connect chemistry to real-world and career applications. Their goal is to help students become critical thinkers by understanding scientific concepts that will form a basis for making important decisions about issues concerning health and the environment and their intended careers. The new edition introduces more problem-solving strategies, more problem-solving guides, new Analyze the Problem with Connect features, new Try It First and Engage features, conceptual and challenge problems, and new sets of combined problems—all to help students develop the problem-solving skills they’ll need beyond the classroom. Also available with Mastering Chemistry or as an easy-to-use, standalone Pearson eText Mastering™ is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools developed to engage students and emulate the office-hour experience, Mastering personalizes learning and often improves results for each student. Students can further master concepts after class through traditional and adaptive homework assignments that provide hints and answer-specific feedback. Pearson eText allows educators to easily share their own notes with students so they see the connection between their reading and what they learn in class—motivating them to keep reading, and keep learning. Portable access lets students study on the go, even offline. And, reading analytics offer insight into how students use the eText, helping educators tailor their instruction. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; Mastering Chemistry and Pearson eText do not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with Mastering Chemistry or Pearson eText, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and Mastering Chemistry, search for: 0134804678 / 9780134804675 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life Plus Mastering Chemistry with Pearson eText — Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134730682 / 9780134730684 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life 0134747151 / 9780134747156 Mastering Chemistry with Pearson eText — ValuePack Access Card — for General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life If you would like to purchase the standalone Pearson eText, search for: 0135214130 / 9780135214138 Pearson eText General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life — Access Card OR 0135214122 / 9780135214121 Pearson eText General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life — Instant Access

Table of Content:

1 Chemistry in Our Lives
LOOKING AHEAD
1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
Chemistry
Chemicals
1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
The Scientific Method
Using the Scientific Method in Everyday Life
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.1
ANSWER
1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
Strategies to Improve Learning and Understanding
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.2
ANSWER
Features in This Text That Help You Study and Learn Chemistry
Making a Study Plan
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.3
ANSWER
1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
Identifying Place Values
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.4
ANSWER
Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations
Multiplication and Division of Positive and Negative Numbers
Addition of Positive and Negative Numbers
Subtraction of Positive and Negative Numbers
Calculator Operations
Calculating Percentages
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.5
ANSWER
Solving Equations
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.6
ANSWER
Interpreting Graphs
Example
Title
Vertical Axis
Horizontal Axis
Points on the Graph
Interpreting the Graph
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.7
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
Clinical Applications
1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 1.8
ANSWER
Scientific Notation and Calculators
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist
1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry
1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry
1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
KEY TERMS
KEY MATH SKILLS
Identifying Place Values (1.4)
Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations (1.4)
Calculating Percentages (1.4)
Solving Equations (1.4)
Interpreting Graphs (1.4)
Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation (1.5)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
2 Chemistry and Measurements
LOOKING AHEAD
2.1 Units of Measurement
Volume
Length
Mass
Temperature
Time
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.1
ANSWER
2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
Measured Numbers
Significant Figures
Significant Zeros and Scientific Notation
Exact Numbers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.2
ANSWER
2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
Rounding Off
Rules for Rounding Off
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.3
ANSWER
Multiplication and Division with Measured Numbers
Adding Significant Zeros
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.4
ANSWER
Addition and Subtraction with Measured Numbers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.5
ANSWER
2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.6
ANSWER
Measuring Length
Measuring Volume
Measuring Mass
2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
Metric Conversion Factors
Metric–U.S. System Conversion Factors
Equalities and Conversion Factors Stated Within a Problem
Conversion Factors from Dosage Problems
Conversion Factors from a Percentage, ppm, and ppb
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.7
ANSWER
2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.8
ANSWER
Using Two or More Conversion Factors
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.9
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.10
ANSWER
2.7 Density
Calculating Density
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.11
ANSWER
Density of Solids Using Volume Displacement
Problem Solving Using Density
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 2.12
ANSWER
Specific Gravity
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
2.1 Units of Measurement
2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations
2.4 Prefixes and Equalities
2.5 Writing Conversion Factors
2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion
2.7 Density
KEY TERMS
KEY MATH SKILL
Rounding Off (2.3)
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Counting Significant Figures (2.2)
Using Significant Figures in Calculations (2.3)
Using Prefixes (2.4)
Writing Conversion Factors from Equalities (2.5)
Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
Using Density as a Conversion Factor (2.7)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
3 Matter and Energy
LOOKING AHEAD
3.1 Classification of Matter
Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds
Mixtures
Types of Mixtures
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.1
ANSWER
3.2 States and Properties of Matter
Physical Properties and Physical Changes
Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.2
ANSWER
3.3 Temperature
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.3
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.4
ANSWER
3.4 Energy
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Heat and Energy
Units of Energy
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.5
ANSWER
3.5 Energy and Nutrition
Energy Values for Foods
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.6
ANSWER
3.6 Specific Heat
Calculations Using Specific Heat
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.7
ANSWER
3.7 Changes of State
Melting and Freezing
Heat of Fusion
Calculating Heat to Melt (or Freeze) Water
Sublimation and Deposition
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
Heat of Vaporization and Condensation
Calculating Heat to Condense (or Boil) Water
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.8
ANSWER
Heating and Cooling Curves
Steps on a Heating Curve
Steps on a Cooling Curve
Combining Energy Calculations
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 3.9
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
3.1 Classification of Matter
3.2 States and Properties of Matter
3.3 Temperature
3.4 Energy
3.5 Energy and Nutrition
3.6 Specific Heat
3.7 Changes of State
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes (3.2)
Converting between Temperature Scales (3.3)
Using Energy Units (3.4)
Using the Heat Equation (3.6)
Calculating Heat for Change of State (3.7)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 1 to 3
ANSWERS
4 Atoms and Elements
LOOKING AHEAD
4.1 Elements and Symbols
Chemical Symbols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.1
ANSWER
4.2 The Periodic Table
Groups and Periods
Names of Groups
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.2
ANSWER
4.3 The Atom
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Electrical Charges in an Atom
Structure of the Atom
Mass of the Atom
4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number
Mass Number
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.3
ANSWER
4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Atoms and Isotopes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.4
ANSWER
Atomic Mass
Weighted Average Analogy
Calculating Atomic Mass
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.5
ANSWER
4.6 Electron Energy Levels
Electron Energy Levels
Changes in Electron Energy Level
Sublevels
Orbitals
Shapes of Orbitals
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.6
ANSWER
Orbital Capacity and Electron Spin
Number of Electrons in Sublevels
4.7 Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations
Period 1: Hydrogen and Helium
Period 2: Lithium to Neon
Period 3: Sodium to Argon
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.7
ANSWER
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Blocks on the Periodic Table
Writing Electron Configurations Using Sublevel Blocks
Electron Configurations for Period 4 and Above
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.8
ANSWER
Some Exceptions in Sublevel Block Order
4.8 Trends in Periodic Properties
Group Number and Valence Electrons
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.9
ANSWER
Lewis Symbols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.10
ANSWER
Atomic Size
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.11
ANSWER
Ionization Energy
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 4.12
ANSWER
Metallic Character
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
4.1 Elements and Symbols
4.2 The Periodic Table
4.3 The Atom
4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number
4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
4.6 Electron Energy Levels
4.7 Electron Configurations
4.8 Trends in Periodic Properties
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Counting Protons and Neutrons (4.4)
Writing Atomic Symbols for Isotopes (4.5)
Writing Electron Configurations (4.7)
Using the Periodic Table to Write Electron Configurations (4.7)
Identifying Trends in Periodic Properties (4.8)
Drawing Lewis Symbols (4.8)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
5 Nuclear Chemistry
LOOKING AHEAD
5.1 Natural Radioactivity
Symbols for Radioisotopes
Types of Radiation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.1
ANSWER
Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation Protection
5.2 Nuclear Reactions
Alpha Decay
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.2
ANSWER
Beta Decay
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.3
ANSWER
Positron Emission
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.4
ANSWER
Gamma Emission
Producing Radioactive Isotopes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.5
ANSWER
5.3 Radiation Measurement
Measuring Radiation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.6
ANSWER
Exposure to Radiation
Radiation Sickness
5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.7
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.8
ANSWER
5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
Scans with Radioisotopes
Positron Emission Tomography
Nonradioactive Imaging
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Chain Reaction
Nuclear Fusion
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 5.9
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
5.1 Natural Radioactivity
5.2 Nuclear Reactions
5.3 Radiation Measurement
5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope
5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity
5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Writing Nuclear Equations (5.2)
Using Half-Lives (5.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWER
6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
LOOKING AHEAD
6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
Positive Ions: Loss of Electrons
Negative Ions: Gain of Electrons
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.1
ANSWER
Ionic Charges from Group Numbers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.2
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
Clinical Applications
6.2 Ionic Compounds
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Subscripts in Formulas
Writing Ionic Formulas from Ionic Charges
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.3
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.2 Ionic Compounds
6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.4
ANSWER
Metals with Variable Charges
Determination of Variable Charge
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.5
ANSWER
Writing Formulas from the Name of an Ionic Compound
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.6
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
Clinical Applications
6.4 Polyatomic Ions
Names of Polyatomic Ions
Writing Formulas for Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.7
ANSWER
Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.8
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.4 Polyatomic Ions
Clinical Applications
6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
Names and Formulas of Molecular Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.9
ANSWER
Writing Formulas from the Names of Molecular Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.10
ANSWER
Summary of Naming Ionic and Molecular Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.11
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
Clinical Applications
6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
Lewis Structure for the Hydrogen Molecule
Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds
Sharing Electrons Between Atoms of Different Elements
Drawing Lewis Structures
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.12
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.13
ANSWER
Double and Triple Bonds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.14
ANSWER
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Polarity of Bonds
Variations in Bonding
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.15
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
Central Atoms with Two Electron Groups
Central Atoms with Three Electron Groups
Central Atom with Four Electron Groups
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.16
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.17
ANSWER
Polarity of Molecules
Nonpolar Molecules
Polar Molecules
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.18
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
Dipole–Dipole Attractions
Hydrogen Bonds
Dispersion Forces
Intermolecular Forces and Melting Points
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 6.19
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons
6.2 Ionic Compounds
6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas
6.4 Polyatomic Ions
6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons
6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
6.8 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules
6.9 Intermolecular Forces in Compounds
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Writing Positive and Negative Ions (6.1)
Writing Ionic Formulas (6.2)
Naming Ionic Compounds (6.3)
Writing the Names and Formulas for Molecular Compounds (6.5)
Drawing Lewis Structures (6.6)
Using Electronegativity (6.7)
Predicting Shape (6.8)
Identifying Polarity of Molecules (6.8)
Identifying Intermolecular Forces (6.9)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 4 to 6
ANSWERS
7 Chemical Reactions and Quantities
LOOKING AHEAD
7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions
Writing a Chemical Equation
Identifying a Balanced Chemical Equation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.1
ANSWER
Balancing a Chemical Equation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.2
ANSWER
Equations with Polyatomic Ions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.3
ANSWER
7.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Replacement Reactions
Combustion Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.4
ANSWER
7.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction in Biological Systems
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.5
ANSWER
7.4 The Mole
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s number
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.6
ANSWER
Moles of Elements in a Chemical Compound
Using a Chemical Formula to Write Conversion Factors
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.7
ANSWER
7.5 Molar Mass
Molar Mass of a Compound
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.8
ANSWER
7.6 Calculations Using Molar Mass
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.9
ANSWER
Writing Conversion Factors for the Molar Mass of a Compound
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.10
ANSWER
7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
Mole–Mole Factors from a Balanced Equation
Using Mole–Mole Factors in Calculations
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.11
ANSWER
7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.12
ANSWER
7.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Calculating Moles of Product from a Limiting Reactant
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.13
ANSWER
Calculating Mass of Product from a Limiting Reactant
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.14
ANSWER
Percent Yield
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.15
ANSWER
7.10 Energy in Chemical Reactions
Energy Units for Chemical Reactions
Heat of Reaction
Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.16
ANSWER
Calculations of Heat in Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 7.17
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
7.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions
7.2 Types of Chemical Reactions
7.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
7.4 The Mole
7.5 Molar Mass
7.6 Calculations Using Molar Mass
7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations
7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions
7.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
7.10 Energy in Chemical Reactions
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Balancing a Chemical Equation (7.1)
Classifying Types of Chemical Reactions (7.2)
Identifying Oxidized and Reduced Substances (7.3)
Converting Particles to Moles (7.4)
Calculating Molar Mass (7.5)
Using Molar Mass as a Conversion Factor (7.6)
Using Mole–Mole Factors (7.7)
Converting Grams to Grams (7.8)
Calculating Quantity of Product from a Limiting Reactant (7.9)
Calculating Percent Yield (7.9)
Using the Heat of Reaction (7.10)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
8 Gases
LOOKING AHEAD
8.1 Properties of Gases
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Pressure (P)
Volume (V)
Temperature (T)
Amount of Gas (n)
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.1
ANSWER
Measurement of Gas Pressure
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.2
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.1 Properties of Gases
Clinical Applications
8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
Boyle’s Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.3
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
Clinical Applications
8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
Charles’s Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.4
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Gay-Lussac’s Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.5
ANSWER
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
Clinical Applications
8.5 The Combined Gas Law
Combined Gas Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.6
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.5 The Combined Gas Law
Clinical Applications
8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
Avogadro’s Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.7
ANSWER
STP and Molar Volume
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.8
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.9
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.10
ANSWER
Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.11
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
Clinical Applications
8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
Dalton’s Law
Air Is a Gas Mixture
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 8.12
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
8.1 Properties of Gases
8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)
8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)
8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
8.5 The Combined Gas Law
8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)
8.7 The Ideal Gas Law
8.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Using the Gas Laws (8.2)
Using the Ideal Gas Law (8.7)
Calculating Mass or Volume of a Gas in a Chemical Reaction (8.7)
Calculating Partial Pressure (8.8)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 7 and 8
ANSWERS
9 Solutions
LOOKING AHEAD
9.1 Solutions
Types of Solutes and Solvents
Water as a Solvent
Formation of Solutions
Solutions with Ionic and Polar Solutes
Solutions with Nonpolar Solutes
9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Types of Electrolytes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.1
ANSWER
Equivalents
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.2
ANSWER
9.3 Solubility
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.3
ANSWER
Effect of Temperature on Solubility
Henry’s Law
Soluble and Insoluble Ionic Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.4
ANSWER
Formation of a Solid
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.5
ANSWER
9.4 Solution Concentrations and Reactions
Mass Percent (m/m) Concentration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.6
ANSWER
Using Mass Percent Concentration as a Conversion Factor
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.7
ANSWER
Volume Percent (v/v) Concentration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.8
ANSWER
Mass/Volume Percent (m/v) Concentration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.9
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.10
ANSWER
Molarity (M) Concentration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.11
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.12
ANSWER
Concentrations in Chemical Reactions in Solution
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.13
ANSWER
9.5 Dilution of Solutions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.14
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.15
ANSWER
9.6 Properties of Solutions
Solutions
Colloids
Suspensions
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Lowering
Particles in Solution
Change in Boiling Point and Freezing Point
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.16
ANSWER
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Isotonic Solutions
Hypotonic and Hypertonic Solutions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 9.17
ANSWER
Dialysis
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
9.1 Solutions
9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
9.3 Solubility
9.4 Solution Concentrations and Reactions
9.5 Dilution of Solutions
9.6 Properties of Solutions
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Using Solubility Rules (9.3 )
Calculating Concentration (9.4)
Using Concentration as a Conversion Factor (9.4)
Calculating the Quantity of a Reactant or Product for a Chemical Reaction in Solution (9.4)
Calculating the Boiling Point / Freezing Point of a Solution (9.6)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
10 Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
LOOKING AHEAD
10.1 Rates of Reactions
Activation Energy
Three Conditions Required for a Reaction to Occur
Rate of Reaction
Factors that Affect the Rate of a Reaction
Temperature
Concentrations of Reactants
Catalysts
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.1
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.1 Rates of Reactions
10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
Reversible Chemical Reactions
Equilibrium
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.2
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
10.3 Equilibrium Constants
Equilibrium Expression
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.3
ANSWER
Calculating Equilibrium Constants
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.4
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.3 Equilibrium Constants
10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
Equilibrium with a Large Kc
Equilibrium with a Small Kc
Calculating Concentrations at Equilibrium
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.5
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Le Châtelier’s Principle
Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium
Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium
Effect of Volume Change on Equilibrium
Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 10.6
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
10.1 Rates of Reactions
10.2 Chemical Equilibrium
10.3 Equilibrium Constants
10.4 Using Equilibrium Constants
10.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Writing the Equilibrium Expression (10.3)
Calculating an Equilibrium Constant (10.3)
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations (10.4)
Using Le Châtelier’s Principle (10.5)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
11 Acids and Bases
LOOKING AHEAD
11.1 Acids and Bases
Naming Acids
Bases
Naming Bases
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.1
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.1 Acids and Bases
11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.2
ANSWER
Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.3
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
Strong and Weak Acids
Diprotic Acids
Strong and Weak Bases
Bases in Household Products
Weak Bases
Strong Bases
Direction of Reaction
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.4
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
Writing Dissociation Expressions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.5
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
11.5 Dissociation of Water
Writing the Water Dissociation Expression
Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions
Using the Kw to calculate [H3O+] and [OH- in a Solution
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.6
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.5 Dissociation of Water
Clinical Applications
11.6 The pH Scale
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.7
ANSWER
Calculating the pH of Solutions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.8
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.9
ANSWER
Calculating [H3O+] from pH
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.10
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.6 The pH Scale
Clinical Applications
11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
Acids and Metals
Acids React with Carbonates or Bicarbonates
Acids and Hydroxides: Neutralization
Balancing Neutralization Equations
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.11
ANSWER
Acid–Base Titration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.12
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
11.8 Buffers
Calculating the pH of a Buffer
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 11.13
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.8 Buffers
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
11.1 Acids and Bases
11.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
11.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases
11.4 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
11.5 Dissociation of Water
11.6 The pH Scale
11.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases
11.8 Buffers
KEY TERMS
KEY MATH SKILLS
Calculating pH from [H3O+] (11.6)
Calculating [H3O+] from pH (11.6)
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs (11.2)
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH−] in Solutions (11.5)
Writing Equations for Reactions of Acids and Bases (11.7)
Calculating Molarity or Volume of an Acid or Base in a Titration (11.7)
Calculating the pH of a Buffer (11.8)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 9 to 11
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
LOOKING AHEAD
12.1 Organic Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.1
ANSWER
Representations of Carbon Compounds
12.2 Alkanes
Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.2
ANSWER
Cycloalkanes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.3
ANSWER
12.3 Alkanes with Substituents
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.4
ANSWER
Substituents in Alkanes
Naming Alkanes with Substituents
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.5
ANSWER
Naming Cycloalkanes with Substituents
Haloalkanes
Drawing Structural Formulas for Alkanes with Substituents
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.6
ANSWER
12.4 Properties of Alkanes
Some Uses of Alkanes
Melting and Boiling Points
Combustion of Alkanes
Solubility and Density
12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
Identifying Alkenes and Alkynes
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.7
ANSWER
Naming Cycloalkenes
12.6 Cis–Trans Isomers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.8
ANSWER
Modeling Cis–Trans Isomers
Using Gumdrops and Toothpicks to Model Cis–Trans Isomers
12.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes
Hydrogenation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.9
ANSWER
Hydration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.10
ANSWER
Addition of Alkenes: Polymerization
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.11
ANSWER
12.8 Aromatic Compounds
Naming Aromatic Compounds
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 12.12
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
12.1 Organic Compounds
12.2 Alkanes
12.3 Alkanes with Substituents
12.4 Properties of Alkanes
12.5 Alkenes and Alkynes
12.6 Cis–Trans Isomers
12.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes
12.8 Aromatic Compounds
SUMMARY OF NAMING
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Combustion (12.4)
Hydrogenation (12.7)
Hydration (12.7)
Polymerization (12.7)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Naming and Drawing Alkanes (12.2)
Writing Equations for Hydrogenation, Hydration, and Polymerization (12.7)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
13 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
LOOKING AHEAD
13.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
Naming Alcohols
Naming Phenols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.1
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.2
ANSWER
Thiols
13.2 Ethers
Naming Ethers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.3
ANSWER
13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.4
ANSWER
Boiling Points
Solubility of Alcohols and Ethers in Water
Solubility and Boiling Point of Phenol
Phenol and Antiseptics
13.4 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols
Dehydration of Alcohols to Form Alkenes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.5
ANSWER
Oxidation of Alcohols
Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 13.6
ANSWER
Oxidation of Thiols
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
13.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
13.2 Ethers
13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
13.4 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols
SUMMARY OF NAMING
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Combustion of Alcohols (13.4)
Dehydration of Alcohols to Form Alkenes (13.4)
Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Form Aldehydes (13.4)
Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols to Form Ketones (13.4)
Oxidation of Aldehydes to Form Carboxylic Acids (13.4)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols (13.1)
Naming Alcohols and Phenols (13.1)
Writing Equations for the Dehydration of Alcohols (13.4)
Writing Equations for the Oxidation of Alcohols (13.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
14 Aldehydes and Ketones
LOOKING AHEAD
14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.1
ANSWER
Naming Aldehydes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.2
ANSWER
Naming Ketones
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.3
ANSWER
14.2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Boiling Points of Aldehydes and Ketones
Solubility of Aldehydes and Ketones in Water
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.4
ANSWER
14.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
Tollens’ Test
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.5
ANSWER
Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.6
ANSWER
14.4 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
Hemiacetal Formation
Acetal Formation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.7
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 14.8
ANSWER
Cyclic Hemiacetals
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
14.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
14.2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.3 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.4 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
SUMMARY OF NAMING
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Oxidation of Aldehydes to Form Carboxylic Acids (14.3)
Reduction of Aldehydes to Form Primary Alcohols (14.3)
Reduction of Ketones to Form Secondary Alcohols (14.3)
Addition of Alcohols to Form Hemiacetals and Acetals (14.4)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones (14.1)
Forming Hemiacetals and Acetals (14.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 12 to 14
ANSWERS
15 Carbohydrates
LOOKING AHEAD
15.1 Carbohydrates
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.1
ANSWER
15.2 Chiral Molecules
Chiral Carbon Atoms
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.2
ANSWER
Drawing Fischer Projections
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.3
ANSWER
15.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.4
ANSWER
Some Important Monosaccharides
15.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
Drawing Haworth Structures
Mutarotation of α-and β-D-Glucose
Haworth Structures of Galactose
Haworth Structures of Fructose
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.5
ANSWER
15.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
Oxidation of Monosaccharides
Reduction of Monosaccharides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.6
ANSWER
15.6 Disaccharides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.7
ANSWER
15.7 Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 15.8
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
15.1 Carbohydrates
15.2 Chiral Molecules
15.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides
15.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
15.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides
15.6 Disaccharides
15.7 Polysaccharides
SUMMARY OF CARBOHYDRATES
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Oxidation and Reduction of Monosaccharides (15.5)
Formation of Disaccharides (15.6)
Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides (15.7)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Chiral Molecules (15.2)
Identifying d and l Fischer Projections for Carbohydrates (15.3)
Drawing Haworth Structures (15.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
LOOKING AHEAD
16.1 Carboxylic Acids
IUPAC Names of Carboxylic Acids
Common Names of Carboxylic Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION GUIDE
STUDY CHECK 16.1
ANSWER
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Boiling Points
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.2
ANSWER
Solubility in Water
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.3
ANSWER
Neutralization of Carboxylic Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.4
ANSWER
16.3 Esters
Esterification
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.5
ANSWER
Naming Esters
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION GUIDE
STUDY CHECK 16.6
ANSWER
Esters in Plants
16.4 Properties of Esters
Solubility in Water
Acid Hydrolysis of Esters
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.7
ANSWER
Base Hydrolysis of Esters (Saponification)
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 16.8
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
16.1 Carboxylic Acids
16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids
16.3 Esters
16.4 Properties of Esters
SUMMARY OF NAMING
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Dissociation of a Carboxylic Acid in Water (16.2)
Neutralization of a Carboxylic Acid (16.2)
Esterification: Carboxylic Acid and an Alcohol (16.3)
Acid Hydrolysis of an Ester (16.4)
Base Hydrolysis of an Ester (Saponification) (16.4)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Naming Carboxylic Acids (16.1)
Hydrolyzing Esters (16.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
17 Lipids
LOOKING AHEAD
17.1 Lipids
Types of Lipids
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.1 Lipids
Clinical Applications
17.2 Fatty Acids
Cis and Trans Isomers of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.1
ANSWER
Prostaglandins
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.2 Fatty Acids
Clinical Applications
17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.2
ANSWER
Melting Points of Fats and Oils
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
Clinical Applications
17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
Hydrogenation
Hydrolysis
Saponification
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.3
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
17.5 Phospholipids
Amino Alcohols
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.4
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.5
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.5 Phospholipids
Clinical Applications
17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
Cholesterol
Cholesterol in the Body
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.6
ANSWER
Bile Salts
Lipoproteins: Transporting Lipids
Steroid Hormones
Adrenal Corticosteroids
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
Clinical Applications
17.7 Cell Membranes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 17.7
ANSWER
Transport Through Cell Membranes
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.7 Cell Membranes
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
17.1 Lipids
17.2 Fatty Acids
17.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols
17.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols
17.5 Phospholipids
17.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones
17.7 Cell Membranes
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Hydrogenation of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
Hydrolysis of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
Saponification of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Fatty Acids (17.2)
Drawing Structures for Triacylglycerols (17.3)
Drawing the Products for the Hydrogenation, Hydrolysis, and Saponification of a Triacylglycerol (17.4)
Identifying the Steroid Nucleus (17.6)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
18 Amines and Amides
LOOKING AHEAD
18.1 Amines
Naming Amines
Aromatic Amines
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.1
ANSWER
Classification of Amines
Line-Angle Formulas for Amines
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.2
ANSWER
18.2 Properties of Amines
Boiling Points of Amines
Solubility of Amines in Water
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.3
ANSWER
Amines React as Bases in Water
Reaction of a Primary Amine with Water
Reaction of a Secondary Amine with Water
Reaction of a Tertiary Amine with Water
Neutralization of an Amine
Properties of Ammonium Salts
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.4
ANSWER
18.3 Heterocyclic Amines
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.5
ANSWER
Alkaloids: Amines in Plants
18.4 Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters at the Synapse
Termination of Neurotransmitter Action
Amine Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Catecholamines
Dopamine
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.6
ANSWER
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
Glutamate
Gamma(γ)-Aminobutyric Acid or GABA
18.5 Amides
Preparation of Amides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.7
ANSWER
Naming Amides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.8
ANSWER
Physical Properties of Amides
18.6 Hydrolysis of Amides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 18.9
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
18.1 Amines
18.2 Properties of Amines
18.3 Heterocyclic Amines
18.4 Neurotransmitters
18.5 Amides
18.6 Hydrolysis of Amides
SUMMARY OF NAMING
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Reaction of an Amine with Water (18.2)
Neutralization of an Amine (18.2)
Amidation: Carboxylic Acid and an Amine (18.5)
Acid Hydrolysis of an Amide (18.6)
Base Hydrolysis of an Amide (18.6)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Forming Amides (18.5)
Hydrolyzing Amides (18.6)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 15 to 18
ANSWERS
19 Amino Acids and Proteins
LOOKING AHEAD
19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Classification of Amino Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.1
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.2
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
Naming Peptides
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.3
ANSWER
Primary Structure of a Protein
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.4
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
Clinical Applications
19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
Alpha Helix
Beta-Pleated Sheet
Collagen
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
Clinical Applications
19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
Interactions Between Amino Acid Side Chains in Tertiary Structures
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.5
ANSWER
Quaternary Structure: Hemoglobin
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.6
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
Denaturation of Proteins
Heat
Acids and Bases
Organic Compounds
Heavy Metal Ions
Agitation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 19.7
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids
19.2 Proteins: Primary Structure
19.3 Proteins: Secondary Structure
19.4 Proteins: Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
19.5 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Drawing the Structure for an Amino Acid at Physiological pH (19.1)
Identifying the Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures of Proteins (19.2, 19.3, 19.4)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
UNDERSTANDING PROTEIN STRUCTURES
ANSWERS
20 Enzymes and Vitamins
LOOKING AHEAD
20.1 Enzymes and Enzyme Action
Enzymes and Active Sites
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.1
ANSWER
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Models of Enzyme Action
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.2
ANSWER
20.2 Classification of Enzymes
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.3
ANSWER
20.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature
pH
Enzyme and Substrate Concentration
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.4
ANSWER
20.4 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Allosteric Enzymes
Feedback Control
Covalent Modification
Zymogens (Proenzymes)
Phosphorylation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.5
ANSWER
20.5 Enzyme Inhibition
Reversible Inhibition
Competitive Inhibitors
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Irreversible Inhibition
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.6
ANSWER
20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
Metal Ions as Cofactors
Coenzymes
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.7
ANSWER
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 20.8
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
20.1 Enzymes and Enzyme Action
20.2 Classification of Enzymes
20.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
20.4 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
20.5 Enzyme Inhibition
20.6 Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Describing Enzyme Action (20.1)
Classifying Enzymes (20.2)
Identifying Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (20.3)
Describing the Role of Cofactors (20.6)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
Clinical Applications
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
LOOKING AHEAD
21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
Bases
Pentose Sugars
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Naming Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Formation of Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.1
ANSWER
21.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.2
ANSWER
21.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication
Complementary Base Pairs
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.3
ANSWER
DNA Replication
Direction of Replication
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.4
ANSWER
21.4 RNA and Transcription
Types of RNA
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.5
ANSWER
Processing of mRNA
Regulation of Transcription: Transcription Factors
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.6
ANSWER
21.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
Genetic Code
Translation
Activation of tRNA
Initiation and Chain Elongation
Chain Termination
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SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.7
ANSWER
21.6 Genetic Mutations
Types of Mutations
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.8
ANSWER
Effect of Mutations
Genetic Diseases
21.7 Recombinant DNA
Preparing Recombinant DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Genetic Testing
DNA Fingerprinting
21.8 Viruses
Reverse Transcription
AIDS
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 21.9
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
21.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
21.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication
21.4 RNA and Transcription
21.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
21.6 Genetic Mutations
21.7 Recombinant DNA
21.8 Viruses
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Writing the Complementary DNA Strand (21.3)
Writing the mRNA Segment for a DNA Template (21.4)
Writing the Amino Acid for an mRNA Codon (21.5)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 19 to 21
ANSWERS
22 Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates
LOOKING AHEAD
22.1 Metabolism and Energy
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.1
ANSWER
Cell Structure for Metabolism
ATP and Energy
Hydrolysis of ATP Yields Energy
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.2
ANSWER
ATP Hydrolysis Drives Energy-Requiring Reactions
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.3
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.1 Metabolism and Energy
Clinical Applications
22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
NAD
FAD
Coenzyme A
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.4
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
Digestion of Carbohydrates
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.5
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
Energy-Investing Reactions: 1 to 5
Reaction 1 Phosphorylation
Reaction 2 Isomerization
Reaction 3 Phosphorylation
Reaction 4 Cleavage
Reaction 5 Isomerization
Energy-Generating Reactions: 6 to 10
Reaction 6 Oxidation and Phosphorylation
Reaction 7 Phosphate Transfer
Reaction 8 Isomerization
Reaction 9 Dehydration
Reaction 10 Phosphate Transfer
Summary of Glycolysis
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.6
ANSWER
Fructose and Galactose Enter Glycolysis
Fructose
Galactose
Regulation of Glycolysis
Reaction 1 Hexokinase
Reaction 3 Phosphofructokinase
Reaction 10 Pyruvate Kinase
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.7
ANSWER
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
Clinical Applications
22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
Aerobic Conditions
Anaerobic Conditions
Fermentation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.8
ANSWER
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
Clinical Applications
22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
Glycogen Synthesis: Glycogenesis
Reaction 1 Isomerization
Reaction 2 Activation
Reaction 3 Glycogen Synthesis (Glucose Transfer to Glycogen)
Glycogenolysis
Reaction 1 Phosphorolysis (Hydrolysis and Phosphorylation)
Reaction 2 Hydrolysis α(1→6)
Reaction 3 Isomerization
Reaction 4 Dephosphorylation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 22.9
ANSWER
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
Clinical Applications
22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
Converting Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
Converting Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate
Converting Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose
Energy Cost of Gluconeogenesis
Lactate and the Cori Cycle
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
Clinical Applications
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
22.1 Metabolism and Energy
22.2 Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
22.3 Digestion of Carbohydrates
22.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose
22.5 Pathways for Pyruvate
22.6 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
22.7 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Hydrolysis of ATP (22.1)
Hydrolysis of ADP (22.1)
Formation of ATP (22.1)
Reduction of NAD+,NADP+, and FAD (22.2)
Glycolysis (22.4)
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (22.4)
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (22.5)
Reduction of Pyruvate to Lactate (22.5)
Oxidation of Glucose to Lactate (22.5)
Reduction of Pyruvate to Ethanol (22.5)
Glycogenesis (22.6)
Glycogenolysis (22.6)
Gluconeogenesis (22.7)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Identifying Important Coenzymes in Metabolism (22.2)
Identifying the Compounds in Glycolysis (22.4)
Identifying the Compounds and Enzymes in Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (22.6)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
LOOKING AHEAD
23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
Reaction 1 Formation of Citrate
Reaction 2 Isomerization
Reaction 3 Oxidation and Decarboxylation
Reaction 4 Decarboxylation and Oxidation
Reaction 5 Hydrolysis
Reaction 6 Oxidation
Reaction 7 Hydration
Reaction 8 Oxidation
Summary of Products from the Citric Acid Cycle
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 23.1
ANSWER
Diseases of the Citric Acid Cycle
23.2 Electron Transport and ATP
Complex I
Complex II
Complex III
Complex IV
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 23.2
ANSWER
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 23.3
ANSWER
Regulation of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
23.3 ATP Energy from Glucose
Malate–Aspartate Shuttle
ATP from Glycolysis
ATP from the Oxidation of Two Pyruvate
ATP from the Citric Acid Cycle
ATP from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 23.4
ANSWER
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
23.2 Electron Transport and ATP
23.3 ATP Energy from Glucose
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Citric Acid Cycle (23.1)
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (23.2)
Phosphorylation of ADP (23.2)
Complete Oxidation of Glucose (23.3)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Describing the Reactions in the Citric Acid Cycle (23.1)
Calculating the ATP Produced from Glucose (23.3)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
ANSWERS
24 Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids
LOOKING AHEAD
24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
Digestion of Dietary Fats
Utilization of Fat Stores
Metabolism of Glycerol
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.1
ANSWER
24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Activation
Transport of Fatty Acyl CoA into the Mitochondria
Reactions of the β Oxidation Cycle
Reaction 1 Oxidation
Reaction 2 Hydration
Reaction 3 Oxidation
Reaction 4 Cleavage
Fatty Acid Length Determines Cycle Repeats
Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.2
ANSWER
24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.3
ANSWER
24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
Ketosis
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.4
ANSWER
24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
Preparation of Activated Acyl and Acetyl Groups
Synthesis of Fatty Acids (Palmitate)
Reaction 1 Condensation
Reaction 2 Reduction
Reaction 3 Dehydration
Reaction 4 Reduction
Cycle of Fatty Acid Synthesis Repeats
Longer and Shorter Fatty Acids
Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis
Comparison of β Oxidation and Fatty Acid Synthesis
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.5
ANSWER
24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.6
ANSWER
Protein Turnover
Energy from Amino Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.7
ANSWER
Degradation of Amino Acids
Transamination
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.8
ANSWER
Oxidative Deamination
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.9
ANSWER
24.7 Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle
Reaction 1 Transfer of the Carbamoyl Group
Reaction 2 Condensation of Citrulline with Aspartate
Reaction 3 Cleavage of Argininosuccinate
Reaction 4 Hydrolysis of Arginine to Form Urea
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.10
ANSWER
24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
TRY IT FIRST
SOLUTION
STUDY CHECK 24.11
ANSWER
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
Some Pathways for Amino Acid Synthesis
Overview of Metabolism
Concept Map
CHAPTER REVIEW
24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols
24.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
24.3 ATP and Fatty Acid Oxidation
24.4 Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis
24.6 Degradation of Proteins and Amino Acids
24.7 Urea Cycle
24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
Digestion of Triacylglycerols (24.1)
Metabolism of Glycerol (24.1)
Transamination (24.6)
Oxidative Deamination (24.6)
Urea Cycle (24.7)
KEY TERMS
CORE CHEMISTRY SKILLS
Calculating the ATP from Fatty Acid Oxidation (β Oxidation)> (24.3)
Describing How Ketone Bodies are Formed (24.4)
Distinguishing Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways (24.9)
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Clinical Applications
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
ANSWERS
COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 22 to 24
ANSWERS
Credits
Photo Credits
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Text Credits
Chapter 1
Chapter 11
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Glossary/Index

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