1. Ch 1: Chemistry and Measurement
2. Ch 1: Contents and Concepts
3. 1.1: Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse
4. 1.2: Experiment and Explanation
5. 1.3: Law of Conservation of Mass
6. 1.4: Matter: Physical State and Chemical Composition
7. 1.5: Measurement and Significant Figures
8. 1.6: SI Units
9. 1.7: Derived Units
10. 1.8: Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method)
11. Ch 1: A Checklist for Review
12. Ch 1: Questions and Problems
13. Ch 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
14. Ch 2: Contents and Concepts
15. 2.1: Atomic Theory of Matter
16. 2.2: The Structure of the Atom
17. 2.3: Nuclear Structure; Isotopes
18. 2.4: Atomic Weights
19. 2.5: Periodic Table of the Elements
20. 2.6: Chemical Formulas; Molecular and Ionic Substances
21. 2.7: Organic Compounds
22. 2.8: Naming Simple Compounds
23. 2.9: Writing Chemical Equations
24. 2.10: Balancing Chemical Equations
25. Ch 2: A Checklist for Review
26. Ch 2: Questions and Problems
27. Ch 3: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
28. Ch 3: Contents and Concepts
29. 3.1: Molecular Weight and Formula Weight
30. 3.2: The Mole Concept
31. 3.3: Mass Percentages from the Formula
32. 3.4: Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
33. 3.5: Determining Formulas
34. 3.6: Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation
35. 3.7: Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction
36. 3.8: Limiting Reactant; Theoretical and Percentage Yields
37. Ch 3: A Checklist for Review
38. Ch 3: Questions and Problems
39. Ch 4: Chemical Reactions
40. Ch 4: Contents and Concepts
41. 4.1: Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules
42. 4.2: Molecular and Ionic Equations
43. 4.3: Precipitation Reactions
44. 4.4: Acid–Base Reactions
45. 4.5: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
46. 4.6: Balancing Simple Oxidation–Reduction Equations
47. 4.7: Molar Concentration
48. 4.8: Diluting Solutions
49. 4.9: Gravimetric Analysis
50. 4.10: Volumetric Analysis
51. Ch 4: A Checklist for Review
52. Ch 4: Questions and Problems
53. Ch 5: The Gaseous State
54. Ch 5: Contents and Concepts
55. 5.1: Gas Pressure and Its Measurement
56. 5.2: Empirical Gas Laws
57. 5.3: The Ideal Gas Law
58. 5.4: Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes
59. 5.5: Gas Mixtures; Law of Partial Pressures
60. 5.6: Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
61. 5.7: Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion
62. 5.8: Real Gases
63. Ch 5: A Checklist for Review
64. Ch 5: Questions and Problems
65. Ch 6: Thermochemistry
66. Ch 6: Contents and Concepts
67. 6.1: Energy and Its Units
68. 6.2: First Law of Thermodynamics; Work and Heat
69. 6.3: Heat of Reaction; Enthalpy of Reaction
70. 6.4: Thermochemical Equations
71. 6.5: Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction
72. 6.6: Measuring Heats of Reaction
73. 6.7: Hess’s Law
74. 6.8: Standard Enthalpies of Formation
75. 6.9: Fuels—Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels
76. Ch 6: A Checklist for Review
77. Ch 6: Questions and Problems
78. Ch 7: Quantum Theory of the Atom
79. Ch 7: Contents and Concepts
80. 7.1: The Wave Nature of Light
81. 7.2: Quantum Effects and Photons
82. 7.3: The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
83. 7.4: Quantum Mechanics
84. 7.5: Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
85. Ch 7: A Checklist for Review
86. Ch 7: Questions and Problems
87. Ch 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity
88. 8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
89. Ch 8: Contents and Concepts
90. 8.2: Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table
91. 8.3: Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table
92. 8.4: Orbital Diagrams of Atoms; Hund’s Rule
93. 8.5: Mendeleev’s Predictions from the Periodic Table
94. 8.6: Some Periodic Properties
95. 8.7: Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements
96. Ch 8: A Checklist for Review
97. Ch 8: Questions and Problems
98. Ch 9: Ionic and Covalent Bonding
99. Ch 9: Contents and Concepts
100. 9.1: Describing Ionic Bonds
101. 9.2: Electron Configurations of Ions
102. 9.3: Ionic Radii
103. 9.4: Describing Covalent Bonds
104. 9.5: Polar Covalent Bonds; Electronegativity
105. 9.6: Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas
106. 9.7: Delocalized Bonding: Resonance
107. 9.8: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
108. 9.9: Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas
109. 9.10: Bond Length and Bond Order
110. 9.11: Bond Enthalpy
111. Ch 9: A Checklist for Review
112. Ch 9: Questions and Problems
113. Ch 10: Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
114. Ch 10: Contents and Concepts
115. 10.1: The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model
116. 10.2: Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry
117. 10.3: Valence Bond Theory
118. 10.4: Description of Multiple Bonding
119. 10.5: Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory
120. 10.6: Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
121. 10.7: Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding
122. Ch 10: A Checklist for Review
123. Ch 10: Questions and Problems
124. Ch 11: States of Matter; Liquids and Solids
125. Ch 11: Contents and Concepts
126. 11.1: Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
127. 11.2: Phase Transitions
128. 11.3: Phase Diagrams
129. 11.4: Properties of Liquids; Surface Tension and Viscosity
130. 11.5: Intermolecular Forces; Explaining Liquid Properties
131. 11.6: Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units
132. 11.7: Crystalline Solids; Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
133. 11.8: Structures of Some Crystalline Solids
134. 11.9: Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions
135. 11.10: Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction
136. Ch 11: A Checklist for Review
137. Ch 11: Questions and Problems
138. Ch 12: Solutions
139. Ch 12: Contents and Concepts
140. 12.1: Types of Solutions
141. 12.2: Solubility and the Solution Process
142. 12.3: Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
143. 12.4: Ways of Expressing Concentration
144. 12.5: Vapor Pressure of a Solution
145. 12.6: Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
146. 12.7: Osmosis
147. 12.8: Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions
148. 12.9: Colloids
149. Ch 12: A Checklist for Review
150. Ch 12: Questions and Problems
151. Ch 13: Rates of Reaction
152. Ch 13: Contents and Concepts
153. 13.1: Definition of Reaction Rate
154. 13.2: Experimental Determination of Rate
155. 13.3: Dependence of Rate on Concentration
156. 13.4: Change of Concentration with Time
157. 13.5: Temperature and Rate; Collision and Transition-State Theories
158. 13.6: Arrhenius Equation
159. 13.7: Elementary Reactions
160. 13.8: The Rate Law and the Mechanism
161. 13.9: Catalysis
162. Ch 13: A Checklist for Review
163. Ch 13: Questions and Problems
164. Ch 14: Chemical Equilibrium
165. Ch 14: Contents and Concepts
166. 14.1: Chemical Equilibrium—A Dynamic Equilibrium
167. 14.2: The Equilibrium Constant
168. 14.3: Heterogeneous Equilibria; Solvents in Homogeneous Equilibria
169. 14.4: Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant
170. 14.5: Predicting the Direction of Reaction
171. 14.6: Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
172. 14.7: Removing Products or Adding Reactants
173. 14.8: Changing the Pressure and Temperature
174. 14.9: Effect of a Catalyst
175. Ch 14: A Checklist for Review
176. Ch 14: Questions and Problems
177. Ch 15: Acids and Bases
178. Ch 15: Contents and Concepts
179. 15.1: Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
180. 15.2: Brønsted–Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases
181. 15.3: Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
182. 15.4: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
183. 15.5: Molecular Structure and Acid Strength
184. 15.6: Autoionization of Water
185. 15.7: Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base
186. 15.8: The pH of a Solution
187. Ch 15: A Checklist for Review
188. Ch 15: Questions and Problems
189. Ch 16: Acid–Base Equilibria
190. Ch 16: Contents and Concepts
191. 16.1: Acid-Ionization Equilibria
192. 16.2: Polyprotic Acids
193. 16.3: Base-Ionization Equilibria
194. 16.4: Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions
195. 16.5: Common-Ion Effect
196. 16.6: Buffers
197. 16.7: Acid–Base Titration Curves
198. Ch 16: A Checklist for Review
199. Ch 16: Questions and Problems
200. Ch 17: Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
201. Ch 17: Contents and Concepts
202. 17.1: The Solubility Product Constant
203. 17.2: Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect
204. 17.3: Precipitation Calculations
205. 17.4: Effect of pH on Solubility
206. 17.5: Complex-Ion Formation
207. 17.6: Complex Ions and Solubility
208. 17.7: Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions
209. Ch 17: A Checklist for Review
210. Ch 17: Questions and Problems
211. Ch 18: Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
212. Ch 18: Contents and Concepts
213. 18.1: First Law of Thermodynamics: A Review
214. 18.2: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
215. 18.3: Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
216. 18.4: Free Energy and Spontaneity
217. 18.5: Interpretation of Free Energy
218. 18.6: Relating ΔG° to the Equilibrium Constant
219. 18.7: Change of Free Energy with Temperature
220. Ch 18: A Checklist for Review
221. Ch 18: Questions and Problems
222. Ch 19: Electrochemistry
223. Ch 19: Contents and Concepts
224. 19.1: Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions
225. 19.2: Construction of Voltaic Cells
226. 19.3: Notation for Voltaic Cells
227. 19.4: Cell Potential
228. 19.5: Standard Cell Potentials and Standard Electrode Potentials
229. 19.6: Equilibrium Constants from Cell Potentials
230. 19.7: Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
231. 19.8: Some Commercial Voltaic Cells
232. 19.9: Electrolysis of Molten Salts
233. 19.10: Aqueous Electrolysis
234. 19.11: Stoichiometry of Electrolysis
235. Ch 19: A Checklist for Review
236. Ch 19: Questions and Problems
237. Ch 20: Nuclear Chemistry
238. Ch 20: Contents and Concepts
239. 20.1: Radioactivity
240. 20.2: Nuclear Bombardment Reactions
241. 20.3: Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects
242. 20.4: Rate of Radioactive Decay
243. 20.5: Applications of Radioactive Isotopes
244. 20.6: Mass–Energy Calculations
245. 20.7: Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
246. Ch 20: A Checklist for Review
247. Ch 20: Questions and Problems
248. Ch 21: Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements
249. Ch 21: Contents and Concepts
250. 21.1: General Observations About the Main-Group Elements
251. 21.2: Metals: Characteristics and Production
252. 21.3: Bonding in Metals
253. 21.4: Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
254. 21.5: Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals
255. 21.6: Group 3A and Group 4A Metals
256. 21.7: Hydrogen
257. 21.8: Group 4A: The Carbon Family
258. 21.9: Group 5A: Nitrogen and the Phosphorus Family
259. 21.10: Group 6A: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family
260. 21.11: Group 7A: The Halogens
261. 21.12: Group 8A: The Noble Gases
262. Ch 21: A Checklist for Review
263. Ch 21: Questions and Problems
264. Ch 22: The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds
265. Ch 22: Contents and Concepts
266. 22.1: Periodic Trends in the Transition Elements
267. 22.2: The Chemistry of Two Transition Elements
268. 22.3: Formation and Structure of Complexes
269. 22.4: Naming Coordination Compounds
270. 22.5: Structure and Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
271. 22.6: Valence Bond Theory of Complexes
272. 22.7: Crystal Field Theory
273. Ch 22: A Checklist for Review
274. Ch 22: Questions and Problems
275. Ch 23: Organic Chemistry
276. Ch 23: Contents and Concepts
277. 23.1: The Bonding of Carbon
278. 23.2: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
279. 23.3: Alkenes and Alkynes
280. 23.4: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
281. 23.5: Naming Hydrocarbons
282. 23.6: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
283. 23.7: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
284. Ch 23: A Checklist for Review
285. Ch 23: Questions and Problems
286. Ch 24: Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological
287. Ch 24: Contents and Concepts
288. 24.1: Synthesis of Organic Polymers
289. 24.2: Electrically Conducting Polymers
290. 24.3: Proteins
291. 24.4: Nucleic Acids
292. Ch 24: A Checklist for Review
293. Ch 24: Questions and Problems
294. Appendixes
295. Appendix A: Mathematical Skills
296. Appendix B: Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures
297. Appendix C: Thermodynamic Quantities for Substances and Ions at 25°C
298. Appendix D: Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State
299. Appendix E: Acid-Ionization Constants at 25°C
300. Appendix F: Base-Ionization Constants at 25°C
301. Appendix G: Solubility Product Constants at 25°C
302. Appendix H: Formation Constants of Complex Ions at 25°C
303. Appendix I: Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C
304. Answers to Exercises
305. Answers to Concept Checks
306. Answer Section Selected Odd Problems
307. Glossary
308. Index

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