Sale!

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

Name: Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner
SKU: vploc484507
Availability: InStock

Original price was: $35.00.Current price is: $26.50.

Download sample

SKU: vploc484507 Category: Test Bank

Description

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

Product details:

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1451187661
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1451187663
Author: Aschenbrenner

This text presents a complete nursing-focused framework for teaching and learning nursing pharmacology, and “places the patient” at the center of all drug and drug administration decisions and considerations. The book presents core drug knowledge using prototypes of different drug classes and emphasizes core patient variables that influence the patient’s response to therapy. Features include abundant review questions, concept maps, drug summary tables, drug interaction tables, and critical thinking scenarios that teach students how to apply pharmacology knowledge to patient care.

Table contents:

UNIT 1: Foundations for Drug Therapy in Nursing
1: Nursing Management of Drug Therapy
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
FIGURE 1.1
Managing Drug Therapy Through The Nursing Process
FIGURE 1.2
Assessment
Assessment of Core Drug Knowledge
Assessment of Core Patient Variables
THE PATIENT INTERVIEW AND HISTORY
BOX 1.1: COMPONENTS OF THE PATIENT INTERVIEW
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
BOX 1.2: COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE DRUG HISTORY
HEALTH STATUS
LIFE SPAN AND GENDER
LIFESTYLE, DIET, AND HABITS
ENVIRONMENT
CULTURE AND INHERITED TRAITS
The Physical Examination
The Medical Record
TABLE 1.1: General Test Values: Normal Ranges Laboratory*
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcome Identification
BOX 1.3: SELECTED NURSING DIAGNOSES PERTAINING TO DRUG EFFECTS
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: IDENTIFYING CORE PATIENT VARIABLES
Planning
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Intervention
Core Drug Knowledge
Core Patient Variables
HEALTH STATUS
LIFE SPAN AND GENDER
LIFESTYLE, DIET, AND HABITS
BOX 1.4: PATIENT EDUCATION GUIDELINES
ENVIRONMENT
BOX 1.5: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE HOME-BASED DRUG THERAPY
Patient and Family Assessment
Home Assessment
Tools Promoting Adherence and Safety
CULTURE AND INHERITED TRAITS
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CLINICAL PATHWAYS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
2: Pharmaceuticals: Development, Safeguards, and Delivery
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
SOURCES OF DRUGS
Plants
Animals
Synthetic Chemicals
Genetically Engineered Chemicals
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
FIGURE 2.1
Implications for Nurses
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS (FAMILIES)
SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION
TABLE 2.1: Sources of Drug Information
SAFEGUARDS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURE, AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
Standards for Drug Purity and Content
Legislation for Drug Safety and Efficacy
Pure Food and Drug Acts
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
Procedure for Drug Development and Approval
Clinical Trials
FIGURE 2.2
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
MEDWATCH
PRACTITIONERS’ REPORTING NETWORK
FIGURE 2.3
The Approval Process
BOX 2.1: STREAMLINING THE DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS
Orphan Drugs
Treatment Investigational New Drugs (Compassionate Use Protocol)
Accelerated Development/Review
ParallelTrack
Legislation to Promote Truth in Advertising
Legislation Regarding Controlled Substances
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CANDIDATE FOR A NEW DRUG
TABLE 2.2: Shedule of Controlled Substances
Nursing Management of Controlled Substances
Legislation Regarding Drug Distribution
Labeling
Online Pharmacies
Nongovernmental Institutional Controls
EFFECT OF LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS ON NURSING MANAGEMENT OF DRUG THERAPY
PATIENT EDUCATION AS A SAFEGUARD IN DRUG THERAPY
BOX 2.2: STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING PATIENT EDUCATION
Patient Learning Needs
BOX 2.3: ASSESSMENT: ANOTHER SAFEGUARD
Teaching Focus and Content
Evaluating and Documenting Educational Outcomes
Consumer Drug Information on the Internet
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING MANAGEMENT OF DRUG THERAPY
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
3: Drug Administration
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ENTERAL ROUTE AND FORMS
Oral Drug Forms
Tablets
Sublingual and Buccal Tablets
Troches
Capsules
Syrups
Elixirs
Emulsions and Suspensions
Nasogastric or Gastrostomy Tube Forms
Nursing Management in Enteral Drug Administration
Core Drug Knowledge
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 3.1: FIVE RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
TABLE 3.1: Abbreviations Related to Medication Administration
TABLE 3.2: The Joint Commission Official “Do Not Use” List 2005
TABLE 3.3: Measurement Equivalents
PARENTERAL ROUTE
Intramuscular Administration
FIGURE 3.1
Subcutaneous Administration
FIGURE 3.2
Intravenous Administration
Peripheral Drug Delivery
Central Access
Other Parenteral Delivery Routes
Nursing Management in Parenteral Drug Administration
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CHOOSING THE RIGHT DRUG ADMINISTRATION SITE
Minimizing Adverse Effects
TOPICAL ROUTE AND FORMS
Nursing Management in Topical Drug Administration
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Planning and Intervention
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 2: Core Drug Knowledge
4: Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption
BOX 4.1: DRUG ABSORPTION AND CORE PATIENT VARIABLES
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Distribution
Protein Binding
FIGURE 4.1
FIGURE 4.2
FIGURE 4.3
Blood–Brain Barrier
Placental Membrane
BOX 4.2: DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND CORE PATIENT VARIABLES
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Metabolism
BOX 4.3: DRUG METABOLISM AND CORE PATIENT A VARIABLES
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Metabolites
Rates of Metabolism and the First-Pass Effect
TABLE 4.1: Effect of the Liver on Drug Metabolism
P-450 System
FIGURE 4.4
Excretion
BOX 4.4: DRUG EXCRETION AND CORE PATIENT VARIABLES
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Processes Involved in Renal Excretion
FIGURE 4.5
Factors That Affect Renal Excretion
Factors That Affect Biliary Excretion
Other Pharmacokinetic Concepts
Half-Life
Steady State
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: HALF-LIFE AND DRUG DOSING
FIGURE 4.6
Clearance
PHARMACODYNAMICS
BOX 4.5: PHARMACODYNAMICS: EXAMPLES OF AGE-RELATED CHANGES
Drug-Receptor Interactions
Single Occupancy Theory
Modified Occupancy Theory
Changes in Receptor Sensitivity
Nonreceptor Responses
VARIABLES THAT INFLUENCE THE DOSE OF A DRUG
Potency and Efficacy
FIGURE 4.7
ED50 Maintenance, and Loading Doses
Therapeutic Index
DRUG DOSAGE AND BLOOD CONCENTRATION
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
5: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
ADVERSE EFFECTS
BOX 5.1: BLACK BOX WARNINGS
What Exactly is a Black Box Warning?
Does a Black Box Warning MeanThat the Drug is Too Dangerous to Use?
BOX 5.2: WHAT IS AN FDA MEDICATION GUIDE?
Allergic Responses
Idiosyncratic Responses
Toxicities
DRUG INTERACTIONS
FIGURE 5.1
Drug Interactions Affecting Pharmacokinetics
Drug Interactions Affecting Absorption
Drug Interactions Affecting Distribution
Drug Interactions Affecting Metabolism
FIGURE 5.2
BOX 5.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Genetic Variation and Warfarin Dosing
The Study
Nursing Implications
Drug Interactions Affecting Excretion
Drug Interactions Affecting Pharmacodynamics
Additive Effect
Synergistic Effect
Potentiated Effect
Antagonistic Effect
DRUG INCOMPATIBILITIES
Chemical Incompatibilities
Physical Incompatibilities
IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Drug Therapy
Assessment of Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: SUSPECTED ADVERSE EFFECTS
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 3: Core Patient Variables
6: Life Span: Children
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Nursing Management of the Pediatric Patient
Core Drug Knowledge Related to Children
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 6.1: CALCULATING PEDIATRIC DRUG DOSAGES
Body Surface Area Method
Body Weight Method
FIGURE 6.1
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
TABLE 6.1: Propotional Water Content Across the Life Span
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
Assessment of Core Patient Variables Related to Children
Health Status
Life Span
BOX 6.2: SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR PEDIATRIC DRUG ROUTES
Oral Route
Intramuscular Route
Intravenous Route
INFANTS (BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS)
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CALLING ON CORE DRUG KNOWLEDGE FOR CHILDREN
FIGURE 6.2
TODDLERS (13 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS)
PRESCHOOLERS (3 TO 5 YEARS)
SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN (6 TO 12 YEARS)
ADOLESCENTS (13 TO 16 YEARS)
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
ORAL DRUG THERAPY
PARENTERAL DRUG THERAPY
RECTAL DRUG THERAPY
Minimizing Adverse Effects
PREVENTING MEDICATION ERRORS
BOX 6.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Standardization and Technology Decrease Medication Errors
The Study
Nursing Implications
REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND ANXIETY
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 6.4: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
7: Life Span: Pregnant or Breast-Feeding Women
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Nursing Management of the Pregnant or Breast-Feeding Patient
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM
EXCRETION
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
BOX 7.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Smallpox Vaccine
TABLE 7.1: Examples of Drugs or Drug Classes Known or Highly Suspected to Be Teratogenic
PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
BOX 7.2: FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
LACTATION CATEGORIES
TABLE 7.2: Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants is Unknown but May Be of Concern
TABLE 7.3: Drugs That Have Been Associated with Significant Effects in Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers with Caution
Adverse Effects
BOX 7.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Pregnancy and Prescribed Teratogenics
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 7.4: Selected Nonteratogenic or Minimally Teretogenic Drugs with Adverse Fetal Effects or Breast Feeding Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Core Patient Variables Relevant to Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: ENSURING DRUG SAFETY DURING LACTATION
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
8: Life Span: Older Adults
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Nursing Management of Older Adults
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
BOX 8.1: PHARMACOKINETIC CHANGES IN OLDER ADULTS
Physiologic Changes Related to Normal Aging
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
TABLE 8.1: Age-Related Differences in Creatinine in Men
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
BOX 8.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Inappropriate Drugs in Older Adults and Cognitive Decline
The Study
Nursing Implications
Drug Interactions
TABLE 8.2: 2012 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables Related to Older Adults
Health Status
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: THINKING ABOUT AGE-RELATED CORE PATIENT VARIABLES
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 8.3: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Identification and Management of Polypharmacy Problems
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
9: Lifestyle: Substance Abuse
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
BOX 9.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
How Many Substance Abusers?
CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Dopamine Hypothesis
BOX 9.2: WHO’S AT RISK FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE?
Physiology
Tolerance
Physical Dependence
Psychological Dependence
Genetics
Development and Environment
Personality Traits
Mood Disorders
Availability of Drugs and Drug Diversion
Socioeconomic Circumstances
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
FIGURE 9.1
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CONSIDERING SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG PROFESSIONALS
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Central Nervous System Depressants
TABLE 9.1: Clinical Findings in Alcohol Withdrawal
Opioids
Tranquilizers
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
BOX 9.3: COMMONLY ABUSED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
Designer Drugs
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
Nursing Management In Commonly Abused Drugs
Core Drug Knowledge in Alcohol Abuse
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
BOX 9.4: HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ALCOHOL ABUSE
Adverse Effects
TABLE 9.2: Blood Alcohol Levels and Stages of Intoxication
Drug Interactions
TABLE 9.3: Agents That Interact with Alcohol
Core Drug Knowledge in Cocaine Abuse
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Effects
Core Drug Knowledge in Opioid Abuse
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Effects
Core Drug Knowledge in Marijuana Abuse
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Effects
Core Drug Knowledge in Hallucinogen Abuse
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Effects
Core Drug Knowledge in Inhalant Abuse
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Adverse Effects
Assessment of Core Patient Variables in Substance Abuse
Health Status
TABLE 9.4: Charcteristics of Selected Drugs of Abuse
TABLE 9.5: Selected Drugs Street Names
Life Span and Gender
EFFECTS IN PREGNANCY
EFFECTS IN INFANCY
EFFECTS IN CHILDHOOD
EFFECTS IN ADOLESCENCE
EFFECTS IN OLDER ADULTS
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Recovery
Minimizing Relapse
BOX 9.5: NURSING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN ALCOHOLISM
Acute Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Chronic Alcoholism
BOX 9.6: TREATING HEROIN ADDICTION
Methadone (Dolophine, Methadose)
Clonidine (Catapres)
Naltrexone (ReVia)
Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Suboxone, Subutex)
Psychiatric Treatment and Support Programs
BOX 9.7: INTERVENING ON A “BAD TRIP”
LSD
Ketamine (or PCP)
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
10: Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits: Nutrition and Complementary Medications
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG EFFICACY
BOX 10.1: PHARMACOKINETIC AND NUTRIENTA INTERACTIONS
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: MALNUTRITION AND DRUG ACTION
DRUG THERAPY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
COMPLEMENTARY NUTRITIONAL THERAPIES
Nutritional Supplements
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fat
Dietary Fiber
Recommended Intake of Vitamin and Minerals
Vitamins
Minerals
Major Mineral Cations
Trace Elements
Herbal and Botanical Preparations
TABLE 10.1: Herbal and Botanical Preparations and Potential Adverse Effects
TABLE 10.2: Selected Herbs and Possible Drug Interactions
Nursing Management of the Patient With Dietary Considerations
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects and Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
11: Environment: Influences on Drug Therapy
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
FIGURE 11.1
PHYSICAL SETTINGS FOR DRUG THERAPY
Acute Care Hospitals
Acute Rehabilitative Units
Transitional Care Units
Outpatient Units
Long-Term Care Facilities
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: KEEPING THE PATIENT SAFE
Home Environment
MEDICATION RECONCILIATION
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON DRUG STABILITY AND EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ADVERSE EFFECTS AND INJURY
THE NURSE’S ROLE
Nursing Management of the Patient with Environmental Considerations
Assessment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
12: Culture: Considerations in Drug Therapy
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
WORLD VIEW
Biomedical Health Beliefs
Magicoreligious Health Beliefs
Holistic Health Beliefs
EFFECT OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ON HEALTH CARE
Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence
Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Drug Therapy
FIGURE 12.1
BOX 12.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Cost Effectiveness of Warfarin Genotyping
The Study
Nursing Implications
Cultural Differences Among Major Ethnic Groups
White Americans
Black Americans
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
Hispanic Americans
Native Americans and Alaska Natives
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: DIVERSITY, DRUG THERAPY, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING
Nursing Management of Culturally Diverse Groups
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
BOX 12.2: NURSING DIAGNOSES AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY, CULTURAL DIVERSITY, AND INHERITED TRAITS
Impaired Verbal Communication Related to English as a Second Language
Ineffective Health Maintenance Related to Cultural Beliefs
Ineffective Coping or Disabled Family Coping Related to Lack of Understanding
Spiritual Distress Related to Conflicting Cultures
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 12.3: COMMUNICATING WITH PATIENTS WHO SPEAK ANOTHER LANGUAGE
Use an interpreter (preferably) or a translator.
If an interpreter or translator is not available:
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 4: Peripheral Nervous System Drugs
13: Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Function
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Function
PHYSIOLOGY
Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
FIGURE 13.1
FIGURE 13.2
FIGURE 13.3
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
FIGURE 13.4
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Adrenergic Receptors
TABLE 13.1: Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes’ Location and Action
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pharmacological Effects on the SNS
TABLE 13.2: Sympathetic Nervous System Terminology Synonyms
ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Nonselective Adrenergic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Epinephrine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
TABLE 13.3: Summary of Selected Adrenergic Agonists
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 13.4: Agents That Interact with Epinephrine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 13.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Teaching for Patients Prescribed Self-Injectable Epinephrine
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Epinephrine
Drugs Significantly Different From Epinephrine
Ephedrine
MEMORY CHIP : Epinephrine
Vdsopressin
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Phenylephrine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 13.5: Agents That Interact with Phenylephrine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Phenylephrine
MEMORY CHIP : Phenylephrine
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists
Clonidine
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Beta-1 Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Dopamine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 13.6: Agents That Interact with Dopamine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Dopamine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Dopamine
Dobutamine
Isoproterenol
Mephentermine
Metaraminol
Drugs Significantly Different From Dopamine
Midodrine
Beta-2 Agonists
DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Fenoldopam
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 13.7: Agents That Interact with Fenoldopam
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different from Fenoldopam
Carbidopa-levodopa
MEMORY CHIP : Fenoldopam
ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Prazosin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 13.8: Summary of Selected Adrenergic Antagonists
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Prazosin
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Prazosin
Drugs Significantly Different From Prazosin
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Metoprolol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 13.9: Agents That Interact with Metoprolol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Metoprolol
MEMORY CHIP : Metoprolol
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT BETA-BLOCKER THERAPY
Drugs Significantly Different From Metoprolol
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Sotalol
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
14: Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Function
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Function
PHYSIOLOGY
Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
Cholinergic Neurotransmitters
FIGURE 14.1
Cholinergic Receptors
TABLE 14.1: Cholinergic Receptor Subtypes’ Location and Action
Nicotinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pharmacological Effects on the PSNS
TABLE 14.2: Parasympathetic Nervous System Terminology Synonyms
CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS
TABLE 14.3: Summary of Selected Cholinergic Agonists
Direct-Acting Muscarinic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pilocarpine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 14.4: Agents That Interact with Pilocarpine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Pilocarpine
Drugs Significantly Different From Pilocarpine
Acetylcholine
MEMORY CHIP : Pilocarpine
Bethanechol
Cevimeline
Methacholine
Direct-Acting Nicotinic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Nicotine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 14.5: Agents That Interact with Nicotine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 14.1: FOCUS ON RESEASRCH
The Study
Nursing Implications
Providing Patient and Family Education
COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
How to Help Your Patient to Quit Smoking
ASSESSMENT
SET MUTUAL GOALS
INTERVENTIONS
EVALUATION
References
MEMORY CHIP : Nicotine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Nicotine
Bupropion
Clonidine
Rimonabant
Varenicline
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Neostigmine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
TABLE 14.6: That Interact with Neostigmine
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: NEOSTIGMINE THERAPY
MEMORY CHIP : Neostigmine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Neostigmine
Demecarium
Physostigmine
Drugs for Myasthenia Gravis
Drugs for Cognition
Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors
CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS
Antinicotinic Ganglionic Blockers
Antinicotinic Neuromuscular Blockers
Antimuscarinic/Anticholinergic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Atropine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 14.7: Summary of Selected Cholinergic Antagonists
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 14.8: Agents That Interact with Atropine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Atropine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Atropine Hyoscyamine
Scopolamine
Antiparkinson Agents
Antisecretory Anticholinergics
Inhaled Agents
Urinary Relaxants
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 5: Central Nervous System Drugs
15: Drugs Relieving Anxiety and Promoting Sleep
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Relieving Anxiety and Promoting Sleep
PHYSIOLOGY
Emotions and Neurotransmitters
FIGURE 15.1
Sleep
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Anxiety
Sleep Disorders
DRUGS TO RELIEVE ANXIETY
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Benzodiazepines
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Lorazepam
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: LORAZEPAM AND ANXIETY
Pharmacoklnetlcs
TABLE 15.1: Summary of Selected Benzodiazepines
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 15.2: Agents That Interact with Lorazepam
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
MEMORY CHIP : Lorazepam
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 15.1: FOCUS ON RESEASRCH
Cost-Effectiveness of Benzodiazepine Tapering Methods
The Study
Nursing Implications
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 15.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Teaching for Patients Prescribed Home Benzodiazepine Therapy
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Nonbenzodiazepines
Buspirone
Hydroxyzine
Meprobamate
DRUGS TO PROMOTE SLEEP
Benzodiazepines
TABLE 15.3: Labeled Therapeutic Indications and Half-Lives of Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepines
Eszopiclone
Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Melatonin Receptor Agonist
Ramelteon
Drugs From Other Classes
Trazodone
Chloral Hydrate
Barbiturates
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
16: Drugs Treating Mood Disorders
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Mood Disorders
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Major Depressive Disorder
BOX 16.1: DRUG CLASSES ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION
Dysthymic Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
TABLE 16.1: Summary of Selected Drugs for Treating Mood Disorders
TABLE 16.2: Adverse Effects of Selected Antidepressant Drugs
TABLE 16.3: Management of Adverse Effects of Antidepressants
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Sertraline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
BOX 16.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
SUICIDALITY AND ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATION
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 16.4: Agents that Interact with Sertraline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Sertraline
Drugs Closely Related to Sertraline
Drugs Significantly Different From Sertraline
Bupropion
Trazodone
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Venlafaxine
Duloxetine
Desvenlafaxine
Milnacipran
Treatment Challenges
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Nortriptyline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
BOX 16.3: EMERGENCY MEASURES FOR TCA OVERDOSE
Drug Interactions
TABLE 16.5: Agents that Interact with Nortriptyline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Nortriptyline
BOX 16.4: FOCUS ON RESEASRCH
Recovery from Major Depression in the Older Adult.
Nursing implications
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Phenelzine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 16.6: Agents That Interact with Phenelzine
TABLE 16.7: Tyramine Dietary Modifications and MAOIs
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Phenelzine
Drugs Closely Related to Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid and Tranylcypromine
Selegiline Transdermal
MOOD STABILIZERS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Lithium
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 16.8: Agents That Interact with Lithium Carbonate
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Lithium Carbonate
Drugs Significantly Different From Lithium
Antiepileptics
Carbamazepine
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: BUG OR DRUG?
Valproates
Lamotrigine
Antipsychotics
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
17: Drugs Treating Psychotic Disorders and Dementia
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Psychotic Disorders and Dementia
BOX 17.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
The Study
Nursing implications
TABLE 17.1: Summary of Selected Antipsychotics
PHYSIOLOGY
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Schizophrenia
BOX 17.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Easing Fears About Mental Illness
Other Psychotic Disorders
COGNITIVE DISORDERS
Dementia
Alzheimer Disease
Vascular Dementia
Other Dementias
BOX 17.3: RISK FACTORS AND POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DEMENTIA
Irreversible Risk Factors/Causes
Potentially Reversible Risk Factors/Causes
Delirium
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
Typical Antipsychotics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Haloperidol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
BOX 17.4: PRISK FACTORS FOR TARDIVE DYSKINESIA (TD)
Drug Interactions
TABLE 17.2: Agents That Interact with Haloperidol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PATIENT?
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Haloperidol
MEMORY CHIP : Haloperidol
Drugs Significantly Different From Haloperidol
TABLE 17.3: Risk for Adverse Effects with High- and Low-Potency Typical Antipsychotics
Atypical Antipsychotics
BOX 17.5: CLOZARIL TREATMENT/PATIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Olanzapine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 17.4: Agents That Interact with Olanzapine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Olanzapine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Olanzapine
DRUGS FOR ALZHEIMER-TYPE DEMENTIA
Acetylchounesterase Enzyme Inhibitors
TABLE 17.5: Summary of Selected Drugs for Alzheimer Disease
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Rivastigmine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Rivastigmine
Drugs Closely Related to Rivastigmine
Drug Significantly Different From Rivastigmine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
18: Drugs Treating Seizure Disorders
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Seizure Disorders
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 18.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 18.2
TABLE 18.1: Antiepileptic Drug Therapy Grouped by Therapeutic Use
FIGURE 18.3
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
Antiepileptic Drugs That Decrease Sodium Influx
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Phenytoin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 18.2: Summary of Selected Antiepileptic Drugs
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Box 18.1: DANTIEPILEPTICS AND PREGNANCY
Teratogenic Effects
Competitive Inhibitors of Vitamin K
Loss of Seizure Control
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ANTIEPILEPTIC THERAPY STOPS ABRUPTLY?
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 18.3: Agents That Interact with Phenytoin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 18.2: FOSCUS ON RESEARCH
Core Patient Variables and Antiepileptic Drugs
The Study
Nursing Implications
Life Span and Gender
BOX 18.3: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Starting and Stopping Antiepileptic Drug Therapy
When to Start Therapy
When to Stop Therapy
Patients Are More Likely To Relapse If They Have:
Withdrawal Schedule Recommendations:
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Box 18.4: PATIENT AND FAMILY EDUCATION COMMON TO ALL ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Phenytoin
Drugs Closely Related to Phenytoin Ethotoin
Fosphenytoin
Drugs Significantly Different From Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproic Acid
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
Oxcarbazepine
Levetiracetam
Felbamate
Antiepileptic Drugs That Decrease Calcium Influx
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ethosuximide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 18.4: Atifints That Interact with Ethnsuximirle
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Ethosuximide
MEMORY CHIP : Ethosuximide
Drug Significantly Different From Ethosuximide
Antiepileptic Drugs That Increase the Effects of GABA
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Clorazepate
Midazolam
Drugs Significantly Different From the Benzodiazepines
Gabapentin
Pregabalin
Phenobarbital
Primidone
Tiagabine
Vigabatrin
DRUGS USED IN SEIZURES RELATED TO PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
19: Drugs Producing Anesthesia and Neuromuscular Blocking
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Producing Anesthesia and Neuromuscular Blocking
PHYSIOLOGY
Central Nervous System Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics
Neuromuscular Blockade
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GENERAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS
Inhaled Anesthetic Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Isoflurane
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
FIGURE 19.1
TABLE 19.1: Summary of Selected Inhalant Anesthetic Agents
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: POSTANESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS IN THE PACU
Drug Interactions
TABLE 19.2: Agents That Interact with Isoflurane
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
BOX 19.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting Prevention
Rationale
The Study
Nursing Implications
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Isoflurane
Desflurane
BOX 19.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Discharge Criteria After Surgery
Respiration
O2 saturation
Consciousness
Circulation (BP= blood pressure)
Activity
MEMORY CHIP : Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Drug Significantly Different From Isoflurane
Intravenous Anesthetic Agents
TABLE 19.3: Summary of Selected Parenteral Anesthetic Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Propofol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 19.4: Agents That Interact with Propofol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Propofol
Drugs Closely Related to Propofol
Etomidate
Thiopental
Drugs Significantly Different From Propofol
Benzodiazepines
Dexmedetomidine
Fentanyl
Ketamine
Remifentanil
LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS
FIGURE 19.2
TABLE 19.5: Summary of Selected Local Anesthetic Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Lidocaine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 19.6: Agents that Interact with Lidocaine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Lidocaine
Drugs Closely Related to Lidocaine
Bupivacaine
Chloroprocaine
Etidocaine
Mepivacaine
Ropivicaine
Prilocaine
Procaine
Topical Anesthetics
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS
FIGURE 19.3
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
TABLE 19.7: Summary of Selected Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Vecuronium
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 19.8: Agents That Interact with Vecuronium
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Vecuronium
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Vecuronium
Cisatracurium
Pancuronium
Rocuronium
Depolarizing Neuromuscular Junction Blockers
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Succinylcholine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Box 19.3: ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 19.9: Agents That Interact with Succinylcholine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Succinylcholine
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
20: Drugs Affecting Muscle Spasm and Spasticity
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Muscle Spasm and Spasticity
TABLE 20.1: Summary of Selected Drugs That Affect Muscle Spasm and Spasticity
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 20.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Muscle Spasm
Spasticity
CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Cyclobenzaprine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 20.2: Agents That Interact with Cyclobenzaprine
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CYCLOBENZAPRINE IN THE COLLEGE ENVIRONMENT
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Cyclobenzaprine
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Cyclobenzaprine
Carisoprodol
Chlorzoxazone
Metaxalone
Methocarbamol
Orphenadrine
Drug Significantly Different From Cyclobenzaprine
CENTRALLY ACTING SPASMOLYTICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Baclofen
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 20.3: Agents That Interact with Baclofen
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Baclofen
Drug Closely Related to Baclofen
Drug Significantly Different From Baclofen
PERIPHERALLY ACTING SPASMOLYTICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Dantrolene
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 20.1: Dantrolene Therapy and Malignant Hyperthermia
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 20.4: Agents That Interact with Dantrolene
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Potential Abuse of Muscle Relaxants
The Study
Nursing Implications
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Dantrolene
MEMORY CHIP : Dantrolene
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
21: Drugs Treating Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Parkinson Disease
FIGURE 21.1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
ANTIPARKINSON DRUGS
FIGURE 21.2
TABLE 21.1: Summary of Selected Antiparkinson Agents
Dopaminergics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Carbidopa-Levodopa
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
BOX 21.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Treating Hypomobility in Parkinson Disease
Drug Interactions
TABLE 21.2: Agents That Interact with Carbidopa-Levodopa
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 21.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Rationale
The Study
Nursing Implications
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Carbidopa-Levodopa
Amantadine
Selegiline
MEMORY CHIP : Carbidopa-Levodopa
Rasagiline
Drugs Significantly Different From parbidopa-Levodopa
Dopamine Agonists
Bromocriptine
Pergolide
Pramipexole
Ropinirole
Catecholamine O-Methyl Transferase Inhibitors
Tolcapone
Entacapone
Centrally Acting Anticholinergic Drugs
ANTI-AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Riluzole
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 21.3: Summary of Selected Drugs for the Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 21.4: Agents That Interact with Riluzole
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: RILUZOLE AND REALITY
Drugs Significantly Different From Riluzole
Creatine
Drugs for Symptom Abatement
MEMORY CHIP : Riluzole
ANTI-MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Glatiramer
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 21.5: Summary of Selected Drugs for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Glatiramer
Interferons
MEMORY CHIP : Glatiramer
Mitoxantrone
Natalizumab
Dalfampridine
Fingolimod
Drugs for Symptom Abatement
OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND RELATED DRUG THERAPY
Myasthenia Gravis
Huntington Disease
Gilles de la Tourette Disease
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
22: Drugs Stimulating the Central Nervous System
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Stimulating the Central Nervous System
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 22.1
FIGURE 22.2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Narcolepsy
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
BOX 22.1: DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ADHD
Overweight and Obesity
BOX 22.2: BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) CATEGORIES)
TABLE 22.1: Prevalence of Obesity in the United States
BOX 22.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Limitation of Pharmacotherapy for Weight Loss
The Study
Nursing Implications
Respiratory Stimulation
CENTRALLY ACTING CNS STIMULANTS
TABLE 22.2: Summary of Selected CNS Stimulants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Dextroamphetamine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 22.3: Agents That Interact with Dextroamphetamine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Dextroamphetamine
Drugs Closely Related to Dextroamphetamine
Amphetamine Salts
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: PHARMACOTHERAPY AND ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Dexmethylphenidate
Lisdexamfetamine
Methylphenidate
Drugs Significantly Different From Dextroamphetamine
Atomoxetine
Guanfacine
Modafinil
Antihypertensive Agents
Antidepressants
ANORECTIC AGENTS
TABLE 22.4: Summary of Selected Anorectic CNS Stimulants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Phentermine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
TABLE 22.5: Agents That Interact with Phentermine
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Significantly Different From Phentermine
Adrenergic Drugs
MEMORY CHIP : Phentermine
Orlistat
Off-Label Medications
Serotonergic Drugs
RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
TABLE 22.6: Summary of Selected Respiratory Stimulants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Caffeine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 22.7: Agents That Interact with Caffeine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Caffeine
MEMORY CHIP : Caffeine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 6: Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Druas
23: Drugs Treating Severe Pain
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Severe Pain
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 23.1
Components That Influence Pain
Types of Pain
DRUG THERAPY TO MANAGE PAIN
BOX 23.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Antiepileptics as Adjuncts for Postoperative Pain Control
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 23.1: Nonpharmacologic Techniques Used in Pain Control
FIGURE 23.2
NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
TABLE 23.2: Equianalgesic Doses* (mg) of Selected Narcotic Analgesics
Strong Narcotic Agonists
TABLE 23.3: Summary of Selected Narcotic Analgesics and Antagonists in Adults
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Morphine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
BOX 23.2: SECONDARY PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS OF MORPHINE AND OTHER NARCOTICS
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 23.4: Agents That Interact With Morphine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
BOX 23.3: DETERMINING OPIOID TOLERANCE
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT DRUG THERAPY IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
ASSESSING PAIN
FIGURE 23.3
PROVIDING ANALGESIA
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 23.4: MINIMIZING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE
For All
Respiratory Depression
Hypotension
Constipation
Urinary Retention and Decreased Urinary Output
Light-headedness, Dizziness, and Sedation
Nausea and Vomiting
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Morphine
Drugs Closely Related to Morphine
Hydromorphone
Levorphanol
Oxycodone
Oxymorphone
Meperidine
Fentanyl
BOX 23.5: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Teaching About Transdermal Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Sufentanil
Methadone
Remifentanil
Tramadol
Drug Significantly Different From Morphine
Mild Narcotic Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Codeine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 23.5: Agents That Interact with Codeine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Codeine
Hydrocodone
Narcotic Agonist-Antagonists
MEMORY CHIP : Codeine
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pentazocine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 23.6: Agents That Interact with Pentazocine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Pentazocine
Drugs Closely Related to Pentazocine
Buprenorphine
Butorphanol
Nalbuphine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
24: Drugs Treating Mild to Moderate Pain, Fever, Inflammation, and Migraine Headache
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Mild to Moderate Pain, Fever, Inflammation, and Migraine Headache
PHYSIOLOGY
Fever
Inflammation
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FIGURE 24.1
Pain
Platelet Aggregation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Migraine Headache
BOX 24.1: INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF HEADACHES
The Primary Headaches
The Secondary Headaches
Cranial Neuralgias Central and Primary Facial Pain and Other Headaches
BOX 24.2: PHASES OF MIGRAINE HEADACHE
Prodromal Phase (symptoms vary)
Aura Phase
Headache Phase
Postheadache Phase
DRUGS TO TREAT INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Salicylates
TABLE 24.1: Summary of Selected Salicylates
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Aspirin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 24.2: Agents That Interact with Aspirin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: ASPIRIN THERAPY FOR ARTHRITIS
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Aspirin
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Aspirin
Diflunisal
Salsalate
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
BOX 24.3: SELECTIVITY OF NSAIDS
TABLE 24.3: Summary of Selected Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ibuprofen
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
TABLE 24.4: Indications for Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 24.5: Agents That Interact with Ibuprofen
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 24.4: USING MISOPROSTOL TO REDUCE NSAID ADVERSE EFFECTS
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Ibuprofen
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Ibuprofen
Propionic Acids
Acetic Acids
Fenamates
Oxicams
Ophthalmic NSAIDs
COX-2 Inhibitors
Celecoxib
Para-aminophenol Derivatives
TABLE 24.6: Summary of Selected Para-Aminophenol Derivatives
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Acetaminophen
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 24.7: Agents That Interact with Acetaminophen
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Acetaminophen
Serotonin-Selective Agonists
BOX 24.5: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
TELCAGEPANT FOR THE ACUTE TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 24.8: Summary of Serotonin-Selective Agonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Sumatriptan
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 24.9: Agents That Interact with Sumatriptan
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 24.6: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Migraine Headache Triggers
Physiologic Triggers
Dietary Triggers
Psychological Triggers
Environmental Triggers
Pharmacologic Triggers
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
BOX 24.7: SEROTONIN SYNDROME
Drugs Closely Related to Sumatriptan
Almotriptan
Eletriptan
Frovatriptan
Naratriptan
Rizatriptan
Zolmitriptan
Drugs Significantly Different From Sumatriptan
Ergotamine
MEMORY CHIP : Sumatriptan
Dihydroergotamine
Analgesics
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
DRUGS USED AS PROPHYLAXIS FOR MIGRAINE HEADACHE
Antiepileptics
Antidepressants
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
Calcium Channel Blockers
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
25: Drugs Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout
FIGURE 25.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Rheumatoid Arthritis
BOX 25.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Therapeutic Alternative for Chronic Gout
The Study
Nursing Implications
Gout
FIGURE 25.2
DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS
Nonbiological DMARDs
TABLE 25.1: Summary of Selected Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Methotrexate
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
BOX 25.2: METHOTREXATE BLACK BOX WARNINGS
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 25.2: Agents That Interact with Methotrexate
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Similar to Methotrexate
Azathioprine
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: DMARD THERAPY
MEMORY CHIP : Methotrexate
Gold Salts
Hydroxychloroquine
Leflunomide
Minocycline
d-Penicillamine
Sulfasalazine
Drugs Significantly Different From Methotrexate
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine
Glucocorticoid Steroids
BIOLOGICAL DMARDS
TABLE 25.3: Summary of Selected Biological Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Etanercept
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 25.4: Agents That Interact with Etanercept
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Lifespan and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Etanercept
Adalimumab
Certolizumab Pegol
MEMORY CHIP : Etanercept
Golimumab
Infliximab
Drugs Significantly Different From Etanercept
Abatacept
Anakinra
Rituximab
Tocilizumab
ANTIGOUT DRUGS
Drugs for Treating Acute Gout
TABLE 25.5: Summary of Selected Antigout Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Colchicine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 25.6: Agents That Interact with Colchicine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Colchicine
Drugs Significantly Different From Colchicine
Drugs for Gout Prophylaxis
TABLE 25.7: Summary of Selected Uricosuric Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Allopurinol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 25.8: Agents That Interact with Allopurinol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Similar to Allopurinol
Febuxostat
MEMORY CHIP : Allopurinol
Drugs Significantly Different From Allopurinol
Probenecid
Sulfinpyrazone
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 7: Hematopoietic, Cardiovascular, and Renal System Drugs
26: Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 26.1
Role of Adrenergic Receptors
Role of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BOX 26.1: UNDERSTANDING BMI
BOX 26.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Obesity, High Blood Pressure, and School-Aged Children
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 26.1: Blood Pressure and Hypertension Categories*
BOX 26.3: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Hypertensive Crisis
LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION AND HYPERTENSION
TABLE 26.2: Two Examples of Daily Dietary Patterns That Are Consistent With AHA-Recommended Dietary Goals at 2000 Calories
OVERVIEW OF DRUG THERAPY AND HYPERTENSION
FIGURE 26.2
TABLE 26.3: Health Status Considerations for Selecting Drugs as First-Line Therapy for Hypertension
TABLE 26.4: Summary of Selected Summary of Selected
FIRST-LINE DRUGS TO TREAT HYPERTENSION
Diuretics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Hydrochlorothiazide
BOX 26.4: TIPS FOR HELPING AFRICAN-AMERICANS WITH HYPERTENSION
Beta Blockers
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Metoprolol
Drugs Significantly Different from Metoprolol
Labetalol
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: MANAGING COMPLICATIONS OF LABETALOL THERAPY
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Verapamil
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Captopril
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 26.5: Agents That Interact with Captopril
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
FIRST-DOSE HYPOTENSION
HYPOTENSION
Altered Laboratory Results
Allergic Reactions
Providing Patient and Family Education
On going Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Captopril
Drugs Closely Related to Captopril
Drugs Significantly Different From Captopril
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Losartan
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 26.6: Agents That Interact with Losartan
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Losartan
Drugs Closely Related to Losartan
DRUGS USED AS SECOND-LINE ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
Selective Aldosterone Blockers
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Eplerenone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 26.7: Agents That Interact with Eplerenone
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Significantly Different From Eplerenone
Spironolactone
MEMORY CHIP : Eplerenone
Direct-Acting Vasodilators
Centrally Acting Alpha-2 Agonists
Peripherally Acting Alpha-1 Blockers
Peripherally Acting Antiadrenergics
ADJUNCT THERAPY IN HYPERTENSION
Antihyperlipidemic Drugs
Nitrates
DRUGS USED IN HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
TABLE 26.8: Summary of Selected Drugs for Hypertensive Crisis
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Nitroprusside
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 26.9: Agents That Interact with Nitroprusside
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Nitroprusside
Fenoldopam
MEMORY CHIP : Nitroprusside
Trimethaphan
Drugs Significantly Different From Nitroprusside
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK
DRUGS TO TREAT HYPOTENSION RESULTING FROM SHOCK
Vasopressors
TABLE 26.10: Summary of Selected Vasopressors
Dopamine
Dobutamine
Isoproterenol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Ephedrine
Metaraminol
DRUGS TO TREAT HYPOTENSION RESULTING FROM VARIOUS MECHANISMS
Phenylephrine
Midodrine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
27: Drugs Affecting Urinary Output
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Urinary Output
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 27.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BOX 27.1: STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE)
THIAZIDE DIURETICS
TABLE 27.1: Summary of Selected Diuretic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Hydrochlorothiazide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 27.2: Agents That Interact with Hydrochlorothiazide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
BOX 27.2: Factors That Can Decrease Adherence to Diuretic Therapy
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Hydrochlorothiazide
Drugs Significantly Different From Hydrochlorothiazide
MEMORY CHIP : Hydrochlorothiazide
LOOP DIURETICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Furosemide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 27.3: Agents That Interact with Furosemide
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
BOX 27.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
What Is the Proper Dose of Furosemide for Treating Acute Decompensated Heart Failure?
The Study
Nursing Implications
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Furosemide
MEMORY CHIP : Furosemide
POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Triamterene
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamlcs
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 27.4: Agents That Interact with Triamterene
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: ADDING TRIAMTERENE TO HYPERTENSION THERAPY
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Triamterene
MEMORY CHIP : Triamterene
Drugs Significantly Different From Triamterene
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Mannitol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Mannitol
Glycerin (Glycerol)
MEMORY CHIP : Mannitol
Isosorbide
Urea
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Acetazolamide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 27.5: Agents That Interact with Acetazolamide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Acetazolamide
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Acetazolamide
ANTICHOUNERGIC AGENTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Tolterodine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetlcs
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 27.6: Agents That Interact with Tolterodine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effect
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Tolterodine
Drugs Closely Related to Tolterodine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
28: Drugs Affecting Lipid Levels
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Lipid Levels
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BOX 28.1: INTERPRETING BLOOD LIPID LEVELS
Total Cholesterol
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Non-HDL Concentration (recommended as second target of therapy if triglycerides greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL)
Lifestyle and Reduction of Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels
TABLE 28.1: Daily Dietary Recommendations in Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
BOX 28.2: CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) EQUIVALENTS AND MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR CHD
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMICS
Statins
BOX 28.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Statins Are Underprescribed
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 28.2: Summary of Selected Antihyperlipidemics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Lovastatin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 28.3: Agents That Interact with Lovastain
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: MANAGING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF LOVASTATIN THERAPY
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 28.4: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Diet Teaching to Lower Cholesterol Levels
Unsaturated oils such as olive oil, corn oil, and safflower oil
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Lovastatin
Drugs Closely Related to Lovastatin
TABLE 28.4: Comparison of Statins
Drugs Significantly Different From Lovastatin
Fibric Acid Derivatives
Fenofibrate
Gemfibrozil
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor: Ezetimibe
Nicotinic Acid
Bile Acid Sequestrants
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
29: Drugs Treating Heart Failure
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Heart Failure
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 29.1.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BOX 29.1: NEW YORK HEART ASSOCIATION CLASSIFICATION FOR CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Display 29.1.
DRUGS TO TREAT CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: MULTIPLE DRUG THERAPY FOR CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Loop Diuretics
Beta Blockers
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Cardiac Glycosides
Combination Vasodilator–Antianginal Drugs
Drugs Under Investigation for Use in CHF
Drugs to Be Avoided in Heart Failure
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Digoxin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
TABLE 29.1: Summary of Selected Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 29.2: Agents That Interact with Digoxin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 29.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
The Study
Nursing Implications
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 29.3: MINIMIZING ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM DIGOXIN TOXICITY
Monitor serum digoxin levels
Assess for bradycardia
Correct electrolyte imbalances
Assess for other symptoms of digoxin toxicity
Treatment of digoxin-induced arrhythmias
Use of the digoxin antidote
Miscellaneous
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 29.4: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Prevention of Digoxin Poisoning
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Digoxin
Vasodilator–Antianginal Combinations
MEMORY CHIP : Digoxin
NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Nesiritide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 29.3: Agents That Interact with Nesiritide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Nesiritide
Inamrinone
MEMORY CHIP : Nesiritide
Milrinone
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
30: Drugs Treating Angina
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Angina
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DRUGS TO TREAT ANGINA
TABLE 30.1: Summary of Selected Antianginal Drugs
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Adjunct Drug Therapies
NITRATES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Nitroglycerin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 30.2: Agents That Interact with Nitroglycerin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
BOX 30.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Symptoms Across the Continuum of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Differences Between Women and Men
The Study
Nursing Implications
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: NITROGLYCERIN
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
TOPICAL OINTMENT AND TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
TRANSUNGUAL SPRAY
INTRAVENOUS
Minimizing Adverse Effects
ALL ROUTES
SUBUNGUAL
TRANSDERMAL
INTRAVENOUS
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 30.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Chest Pain or Heart Attack?
ALL ROUTES
SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
TRANSUNGUAL SPRAY
TRANSMUCOSAL TABLETS
SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS
OINTMENTS
TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Nitroglycerin
Drugs Closely Related to Nitroglycerin
Drug Significantly Different From Nitroglycerin
Management of Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
31: Drugs Affecting Cardiac Rhythm
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Cardiac Rhythm
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 31.1
FIGURE 31.2
FIGURE 31.3
FIGURE 31.4
FIGURE 31.5
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 31.6
FIGURE 31.7
BOX 31.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Treatment Options with Atrial Fibrillation
The Study
Nursing Implications
DRUGS AND OTHER THERAPIES TO TREAT ARRHYTHMIAS
FIGURE 31.8
FIGURE 31.9
CLASS I ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
TABLE 31.1: Summary of Selected Class I Antiarrhythmics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Lidocaine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 31.2: Agents That Interact with Lidocaine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Lidocaine
MEMORY CHIP : Lidocaine
Mexiletine
Phenytoin
Drugs Significantly Different From Lidocaine
Class IA Antiarrhythmics
Quinidine
Other Class 1A Antiarrhythmics
Class IC Antiarrhythmics
CLASS II ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Propranolol
Acebutolol and Esmolol
CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
TABLE 31.3: Summary of Selected Class III Antiarrhythmics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Amiodarone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 31.4: Agents That Interact with Amiodarone
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS DOSES
ORAL DOSES
INTRAVENOUS DOSES
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Amiodarone
Sotalol
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: AMIODARONE THERAPY
MEMORY CHIP : Amiodarone
Ibutilide
Dofetilide
Dronedarone
Bretylium
CLASS IV ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
TABLE 31.5: Summary of Selected Class IV Antiarrhythmics and Selected Other Calcium Channel Blocker
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Verapamil
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 31.6: Agents That Interact with Verapami
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Verapamil
Drug Closely Related to Verapamil
Drug Significantly Different From Verapamil
POTASSIUM-REMOVING RESINS TO PREVENT ARRHYTHMIAS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
TABLE 31.7: Potassium-Removing Resin
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
32: Drugs Affecting Coagulation
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Coagulation
PHYSIOLOGY OF COAGULATION
Blood Components and Balanced Blood Flow
Clotting Cascade
FIGURE 32.1
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Coagulation Inhibitors
Hemolysis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Hypercoagulation
Hypocoagulation
DRUG THERAPY FOR HYPERCOAGULATION
TABLE 32.1: Summary of Selected Drugs for Hypercoagulability
ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Heparin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.2: Agents That Interact with Heparin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Box 32.1: ARESEARCH-BASED SUBCUTANEOUSN ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUES FOR HEPARIN
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Heparin
MEMORY CHIP : Heparin
BOX 32.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins and Cancer Patients
The Study
Nursing Implications
Enoxaparin
BOX 32.3: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Enoxaparin at Home
Dalteparin
Tinzaparin
Fondaparinux
Drugs Significantly Different From Heparin
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Warfarin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.3: Agents That Interact with Warfarin
TABLE 32.4: Interactions of Herbs and Warfarin*
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Box 32.4: CLINICAL GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NON-THERAPEUTIC INR LEVELS
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: SOLVING PROBLEMS RELATED TO ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY
MEMORY CHIP : Warfarin
Drug Significantly Different From Warfarin
Anisindione
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Clopidogrel
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.5: Agents That Interact with Clopidogrel
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Clopidogrel
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Aspirin
Cilostazol
Ticlopidine
Drugs Significantly Different From Clopidogrel
Dipyridamole
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
Anagrelide
HEMORHEOLOGIC DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pentoxifylline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.6: Agents That Interact with Pentoxifylline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Pentoxifylline
THROMBOLYTIC DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Alteplase, Recombinant
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Box 32.5: MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS RECEIVING ALTEPLASE, RECOMBINANT, FOR TREATMENT OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.7: Agents That Interact with Alteplase
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Alteplase, Recombinant
Drugs Closely Related to Alteplase, Recombinant
Thrombolytic Enzymes: Streptokinase, Urokinase, and Anistreplase
Drug Significantly Different From Alteplase, Recombinant
Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated)
DRUG THERAPY FOR HYPOCOAGULATION
TABLE 32.8: Summary of Selected Drugs for Hypocoagulation
CLOTTING FACTORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Antihemophilic Factor
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Antihemophilic Factor
MEMORY CHIP : Antihemophilic Factor
Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Factor
HEMOSTATIC DRUGS
TABLE 32.9: Topical Hemostatic Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Aminocaproic Acid
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 32.10: Agents That Interact with Aminocaproic Acid
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Aminocaproic Acid
MEMORY CHIP : Aminocaproic Acid
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
33: Drugs Affecting Hematopoiesis
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Hematopoiesis
TABLE 33.1: Understanding Drug Therapy That Affects Blood Cells
PHYSIOLOGY
Hematopoietic Cells
FIGURE 33.1
Barrier Defenses
Nonspecific Immune Responses
Specific Immune Responses
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TABLE 33.2: Summary of Selected Hematopoietic Agents
ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULANTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Epoetin Alfa
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: EPOETIN ALFA AND IRON DEFICIENCY
Drug Closely Related to Epoetin Alfa
MEMORY CHIP : Epoetin Alfa
COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Filgrastim
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
BOX 33.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Determining Cost-effective Treatment in Breast Cancer
The Study
Nursing Implication
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 33.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Keeping Neutropenic Patients Infection Free
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Filgrastim
Pegfilgrastim
MEMORY CHIP : Filgrastim
Sargramostim
INTERLEUKINS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Oprelvekin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Oprelvekin (lnterleukin-11)
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 8: Respiratory System Drugs
34: Drugs Affecting the Upper Respiratory System
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting the Upper Respiratory System
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 34.1
Air Filtration
Other Air-Purifying Mechanisms
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Common Cold
Allergic or Seasonal Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Influenza
ANTITUSSIVE DRUGS
TABLE 34.1: Summary of Selected Antitussives
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Dextromethorphan
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Box 34.1: DEXTROMETHORPHAN POISONING
Drug Interactions
TABLE 34.2: Agents That Interact with Dextromethorphan
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Dextromethorphan
Codeine
MEMORY CHIP : Dextromethorphan
Hydrocodone Bitartrate
Drug Significantly Different From Dextromethorphan
Benzonatate
DECONGESTANT DRUGS
Box 34.2: COMBAT METHAMPHETAMINE EPIDEMIC ACT
TABLE 34.3: Over-The-Counter Drugs Available From the Pharmacy
TABLE 34.4: Summary of Selected Decongestants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pseudoephedrine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamlcs
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 34.5: Agents That Interact with Pseudoephedrine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Pseudoephedrine
Phenylephrine
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: PROLONGED USE OF NASAL DECONGESTANTS
MEMORY CHIP : Pseudoephedrine
Topical Decongestant Drugs
ANTIHISTAMINES
TABLE 34.6: Summary of Selected Antihistamines
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Fexofenadine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 34.7: Agents That Interact with Fexofenadine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Fexofenadine
Drugs Closely Related to Fexofenadine
Azelastine
Cetirizine
Desloratadine
Levocetirizine (Xyzal)
Loratadine
Drugs Significantly Different From Fexofenadine
Brompheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, and Dexchlorpheniramine
Diphenhydramine
Ophthalmic Antihistamines and Mast Cell Stabilizers
Inhaled Nasal Steroids
Inhaled Mast Cell Stabilizer
Ophthalmic Mast Cell Stabilizers
EXPECTORANT DRUGS
TABLE 34.8: Summary of Selected Expectorants
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Guaifenesin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Guaifenesin
Terpin Hydrate
MEMORY CHIP : Guaifenesin
Iodine Preparations
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
35: Drugs Affecting the Lower Respiratory System
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting the Lower Respiratory System
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 35.1
Protective Mechanisms
Gas Exchange, Perfusion, and Respiration
Ventilation
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Acute Bronchitis
Asthma
Box 35.1: CLASSIFICATION OF ASTHMA SEVERITY
Box 35.2: STEPWISE APPROACH TO ASTHMA THERAPY
Chronic Airway Limitation
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Cystic Fibrosis
MUCOLYTIC DRUGS
TABLE 35.1: Summary of Selected Mucolytics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Acetylcysteine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Acetylcysteine
MEMORY CHIP : Acetylcysteine
BRONCHODILATORS
Table 35.2: Summary of Selected Bronchodilators
Beta Agonists (Sympathomimetics)
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Albuterol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Box 35.3: TYPES OF INHALATION DEVICES
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Dry-powder inhaler (DPI)
Nebulizer
Pharmacodynamics
FIGURE 35.2
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 35.3: Agents That Interact with Albuterol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 35.4: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
How to Use an Inhaler
Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)
Dry-Powder Inhaler (DPI)
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Box 35.5: INHALER BASICS
How to Care for Your Inhaler
Drugs Closely Related to Albuterol
Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonists
Epinephrine
MEMORY CHIP : Albuterol
Levalbuterol
Pirbuterol
Terbutaline
Long-Acting Beta-2 Agonists
Arformoterol
Formoterol
Salmeterol
Respiratory Anticholinergic Agents
TABLE 35.4: Summary of Selected Anticholinergic Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ipratropium Bromide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Ipratropium Bromide
Tiotropium
MEMORY CHIP : Ipratropium Bromide
Xanthine Derivatives
TABLE 35.5: Summary of Selected Xanthine Derivatives
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Theophylline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 35.6: Agents That Interact with Theophylline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
BOX 35.6: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Using a Peak Flow Meter
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: THINKING ABOUT THEOPHYLLINE AND OTHER ASTHMA THERAPIES
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Theophylline
Aminophylline
Dyphylline
Caffeine
MEMORY CHIP : Theophylline
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Inhaled Glucocorticoid Steroids
TABLE 35.7: Summary of Selected Inhaled Steroids
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Flunisolide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Flunisolide
Beclomethasone
Budesonide
MEMORY CHIP : Flunisolide
Ciclesonide
Fluticasone
Mometasone
Triamcinolone
Mast Cell Stabilizers
TABLE 35.8: Summary of Selected Mast Cell Stabilizers
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Cromolyn Sodium
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Cromolyn Sodium
Drug Significantly Different From Cromolyn Sodium
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
TABLE 35.9: Summary of Selected Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Zafirlukast
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 35.10: Agents That Interact with Zafirlukast
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Zafirlukast
Montelukast
Zileuton
MEMORY CHIP : Zafirlukast
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 9: Gastrointestinal Tract Drugs
36: Drugs Affecting the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 36.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Helicobacter pylori Infection
TABLE 36.1: Therapies for Helicobacter pylori Infection Approved by the Food and Drug Administration
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pancreatitis
Obesity
Nausea and Vomiting
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
TABLE 36.2: Summary of Selected Proton Pump Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Omeprazole
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.3: Agents That Interact with Omeprazole
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Omeprazole
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Rabeprazole
Pantoprazole
MEMORY CHIP : Omeprazole
Drug Significantly Different From Omeprazole
TABLE 36.4: Summary of Miscellaneous Drugs Used to Treat Ulcers
HISTAMINE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
TABLE 36.5: Summary of Selected Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ranitidine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.6: Agents That Interact with Ranitidine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 36.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Using Over-the-Counter (OTC) Gastrointestinal Drugs Responsibly
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Ranitidine
Cimetidine
MEMORY CHIP : Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Drug Significantly Different From Ranitidine
ANTACIDS
TABLE 36.7: Summary of Selected Antacids
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Aluminum Hydroxide with Magnesium Hydroxide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.8: Agents That Interact with Antacids
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Aluminum Hydroxide with Magnesium Hydroxide
Drugs Closely Related to Aluminum Hydroxide with Magnesium Hydroxide
Box 36.2: ACID-NEUTALIZING CAPACITY OF ANTACIDS
PROKINETIC AGENTS
TABLE 36.9: Overview of Metoclopromide
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Metoclopramide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.10: Agents That Interact with Metoclopramide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Significantly Different From Metoclopramide
Cisapride
MEMORY CHIP : Metoclopramide
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
TABLE 36.11: Summary of Selected Digestive Enzymes
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pancrelipase
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.12: Agents That Interact with Pancrelipase
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Pancrelipase
DRUGS FOR WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
TABLE 36.13: Summary of Selected Drugs for Weight Management
MEMORY CHIP : Pancrelipase
Lipase Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Orlistat
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.14: Agents That Interact with Orlistat
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Orlistat
Adrenergic Drugs
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM ORLISTAT
Amphetamines
Antidepressant Drugs
MEMORY CHIP : Orlistat
ANTIEMETICS
TABLE 36.15: Summary of Selected Antiemetics
Selective Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ondansetron
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 36.3: FOCUS ON REASEARCH
Control of Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Critical Care Setting
The Study
Nursing Implications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 36.16: Drugs that Interact with Ondansetron
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Ondansetron
Dolasetron
Granisetron
Palonosetron
Drugs Significantly Different From Ondansetron
Aprepitant
MEMORY CHIP : Ondansetron
Antidopaminergic Drugs
Anticholinergic Drugs
Cannabinoids
Glucocorticoid Steroids
Olanzapine
GALLSTONE-SOLUBILIZING AGENTS
TABLE 36.17: Summary of Selected Gallstone-Solubilizing Agents
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
37: Drugs Affecting the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 37.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Flatus
Diarrhea
Constipation and Fecal Impaction
Box 37.1: CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION
Colonic Disorders
Metabolic/Endocrine Systemic Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Drug Induced
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Box 37.2: ROME III CRITERIA USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Post-operative Ileus
ANTIFLATULENTS
TABLE 37.1: Summary of Selected Antiflatulent Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Simethicone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Simethicone
MEMORY CHIP : Simethicone
ANTIDIARRHEALS
TABLE 37.2: Summary of Selected Antidiarrheal Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Diphenoxylate HCl with Atropine Sulfate
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 37.3: Agents That Interact with Diphenoxylate HCl with Atropine Sulfate
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: DIPHENOXYLATE IN ANTIDIARRHEALTHERAPY
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Diphenoxylate HCl with Atropine Sulfate
Loperamide
MEMORY CHIP : Diphenoxylate HCI with Atropine Sulfate
Drugs Significantly Different From Diphenoxylate HCI with Atropine Sulfate
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Kaolin and Pectin
LAXATIVES
TABLE 37.4: Summary of Selected Laxatives
Saline Laxatives
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Magnesium Hydroxide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 37.5: Agents That Interact with Magnesium Hydroxide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 37.3: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Educating Patients in the Community About Laxative Use
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Magnesium Hydroxide
Other Saline Laxatives
Hyperosmotic Laxatives
MEMORY CHIP : Magnesium Hydroxide
Drugs Significantly Different From Magnesium Hydroxide
Stimulant (Irritant) Laxatives
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Stool Softeners
Emollient (Lubricant) Laxatives
Bowel Evacuants
Peripherally Selective Mu (μ) Opioid Receptor Antagonist
BOX 37.4: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Management of Opioid Induced Constipation
The Study
Nursing Implications
DRUGS USED TO TREAT IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
TABLE 37.6: Summary of Selected Drugs to Treat Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Alosetron
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Evaluation and Assessment
Drugs Significantly Different From Alosetron
Dicyclomine
MEMORY CHIP : Alosetron
Laxatives and Antidiarrheals
Selective Chloride Channel Activator
Tricyclic Antidepressants
DRUGS USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
TABLE 37.7: Summary of Selected Drugs to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease
5-ASA Preparations
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Mesalamine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 37.8: Agents That Interact with Mesalamine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Evaluation and Assessment
Drugs Closely Related to Mesalamine
Balsalazide
MEMORY CHIP : Mesalamine
Olsalazine
Sulfasalazine
Drugs Significantly Different From Mesalamine
Infliximab
Certolizumab
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 10: Antimicrobial Drugs
38: Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Classification by Susceptible Organism
TABLE 38.1: Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs by Susceptible Organism
Classification by Mechanism of Action
TABLE 38.2: Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs by Mechanism of Action
Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways (Antimetabolites)
Disruption of Cell Wall Permeability
Inhibition of Viral Enzymes
SELECTIVE TOXICITY
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Box 38.1: TWELVE STEPS FOR PREVENTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN HOSPITALIZED ADULTS
Prevent Infection
Step 1. Vaccinate
Step 2. Get the Catheters Out
Diagnose and Treat Infection Effectively
Step 3. Target the Pathogen
Step 4. Access the Experts
Use Antimicrobials Wisely
Step 5. Practice Antimicrobial Control
Step 6. Use Local Data
Step 7. Treat Infection, Not Contamination
Step 8. Treat Infection, Not Colonization
Step 9. Know When to Say “No” to Vanco
Step 10. Stop Antimicrobial Treatment
Prevent Transmission
Step 11. Isolate the Pathogen
Step 12. Break the Chain of Contagion
Contributing Factors
Production of Drug-Inactivating Enzymes
Changes in Receptor Structure
Changes in Drug Permeation and Transport
Development of Alternative Metabolic Pathways
Emergence of Drug-Resistant Microbes
Factors That Facilitate the Development of Resistance
COMMON ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT MICROBIAL INFECTIONS
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Multiple Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Nosocomial Infections
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
Identification of the Pathogen
FIGURE 38.1
Drug Susceptibility
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: WORKING WITH CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY REPORTS
Disk Diffusion Test
FIGURE 38.2
Broth Dilution Procedure
FIGURE 38.3
Drug Spectrum
Drug Dose
Duration
Site of Infection
Patient Assessment
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
MONITORING ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
39: Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Antibiotic Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
PHYSIOLOGY
Bacterial Cell Envelope
FIGURE 39.1
Bacterial Enzymes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PENICILLINS
TABLE 39.1: Summary of Selected Penicillins and Other Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Penicillin G
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 39.2: Agents That Interact with Penicillin G
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 39.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Taking Antibiotics Safely
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Penicilin G
Drugs Closely Related to Penicillin G
Other Narrow-Spectrum Penicillins
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: IMPLEMENTING PENICILLIN V THERAPY
Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins)
Extended-Spectrum Penicillins (Antipseudomonal Penicillins)
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins (Antistaphylococcal Penicillins)
Drugs Significantly Different From Penicillin G
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
BOX 39.2: COMBINATION DRUGS WITH BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
Bacitracln
MONOBACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
CARBAPENEMS
Cilastatin-Imipenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Meropenem
CEPHALOSPORINS
TABLE 39.3: Summary of Selected Cephalosporins
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Cefazolin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 39.4: Agents That Interact with Cefazolin
Effects on Test Results
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Cefazolin
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Cefazolin
First-Generation Cephalosporins
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
Third-Generation Cephalosporins
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
VANCOMYCIN
TABLE 39.5: Overview Of Vancomycin
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Vancomycin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 39.6: Agents That Interact With Vancomycin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Vancomycin
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
40: Antibiotics Affecting Protein Synthesis
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Antibiotic Affecting Protein Synthesis
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 40.1
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
TABLE 40.1: Summary of Selected Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.2: Agents That Interact with Gentamicin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: EXPLAINING THE DRUG SELECTION PROCESS
Drugs Closely Related to Gentamicin
Amikacin
Kanamycin
Neomycin Sulfate
Tobramycin
MEMORY CHIP : Gentamicin
Drugs Significantly Different From Gentamicin
Paromomycin
Streptomycin
LINCOSAMIDES
TABLE 40.3: Summary of Selected Lincosamide Antibiotics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Clindamycin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.4: Agents that Interact with Clindamycin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Clindamycin
MEMORY CHIP : Clindamycin
MACROUDE ANTIBIOTICS
TABLE 40.5: Summary of Selected Macrolide Antibiotics
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Erythromycin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.6: Agents That Interact with Erythromycin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
MEMORY CHIP : Erythromycin
Drug Significantly Different From Erythromycin
OXAZOLIDINONES
TABLE 40.7: Overview of Linezolid
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Linezolid
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.8: Agents That Interact with Linezolid
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
BOX 40.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Nosocomial MRSA
The Study
Nursing Implications
Patient Considerations
Handwashing
Gloving
Masking
Gowning
Appropriate Device Handling
Appropriate Handling of Laundry
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
STREPTOGRAMINS
TABLE 40.9: Overview of Quinupristin/Dalfopristi
MEMORY CHIP : Linezolid
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.10: Agents That Interact with Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
TETRACYCLINES
TABLE 40.11: Summary of Selected Tetracycline Antibiotics
MEMORY CHIP : Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Tetracycline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.12: Agents That Interact with Tetracycline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Tetracycline
Drugs Closely Related to Tetracycline
Demeclocycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Drugs Significantly Different From Tetracycline
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS THAT AFFECT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TABLE 40.13: Overview of Chloramphenicol
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Chloramphenicol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 40.14: Agents That Interact with Chloramphenicol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Significantly Different From Chloramphenicol
MEMORY CHIP : Chloramphenicol
TOPICAL DRUGS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
41: Drugs That Are Miscellaneous Antibiotics
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs That Are Miscellaneous Antibiotics
QUINOLONES/FLUOROQUINOLONES
TABLE 41.1: Summary of Selected Miscellaneous Antimicrobials
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Ciprofloxacin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 41.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Ciproflaxin Therapy for UTI: How Long is Long Enough?
The Study
Nursing Implications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 41.2: Agents That Interact with Ciprofloxacin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: HOW DID THAT HAPPEN?
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Ciprofloxacin
First-Generation Quinolone
MEMORY CHIP : Ciprofloxaci
Second-Generation Fluoroquinolones
Third-Generation Fluoroquinolones
Fourth Generation
CYCLIC LIPOPEPTIDES
TABLE 41.3: Overview of Daptomycin
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Daptomycin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Daptomycin
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTIC: POLYMYXIN B
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
42: Drugs Treating Urinary Tract Infections
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Urinary Tract Infections
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 42.1
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Cystitis
BOX 42.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
UTI in Women
The Study
Nursing Implications
Urethritis
Prostatitis
Acute Pyelonephritis
DIAGNOSIS OF UTI
SULFONAMIDES
TABLE 42.1: Summary of Selected Drugs to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 42.2: Agents That Interact With Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP)
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR SULFAMETHOXAZOLE-TRIMETHOPRIM (SMZ-TMP) THERAPY
MEMORY CHIP : Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP)
Drugs Significantly Different From Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
Other Sulfonamides
Sulfasalazine
Topical Sulfonamides
Drugs That Belong to Other Antibiotic Classes
Fosfomycin
URINARY TRACT ANTISEPTICS
Methenamine
Nitrofurantoin
URINARY TRACT ANALGESIC
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
43: Drugs Treating Mycobacterial Infections
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Mycobacterial Infections
TABLE 43.1: Summary of Selected Antimycobacterial Drugs
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Tuberculosis
BOX 43.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Vaccine on the Horizon?
The Study
Nursing Implications
BOX 43.2: CDC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF LTBI
Box 43.3: THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF THE DOTS STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
Leprosy
Mycobacterium Avium Complex
DRUGS FOR TREATING MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Isoniazid
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 43.2: Agents That Interact with Isoniazid
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: EXPOSURE TO THE TUBERCULOSIS (TB) MYCOBACTERIUM
MEMORY CHIP : Isoniazid
Drugs Significantly Different From Isoniazid
First-Line Drugs
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
Rlfamycins
Second-Line Drugs
Aminoglycoslde Antibiotics
Cycloserine
Ethionamlde
Fluoroquinolones
Aminosalicylic Acid
DRUGS FOR TREATING MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTION
TABLE 43.3: Summary of Selected Rifamycins
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Rifampin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 43.4: Agents That Interact with Rifampin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Rifampin
Drugs Closely Related to Rifampin
Rifabutin
Rifapentine
Drugs Significantly Different From Rifampin
Clofazimine
Dapsone
Miscellaneous Drugs
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
44: Drugs Treating Fungal Infections
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Fungal Infections
PHYSIOLOGY OF FUNGAL GROWTH
FIGURE 44.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Mucormycosis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED NONOPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Dermatophytic Infections (Tinea, Ringworm)
FIGURE 44.2
FIGURE 44.3
Histoplasmosis
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Polyene Antifungal Agents
TABLE 44.1: Summary of Selected Antifungal Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Amphotericin B
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 44.2: Agents That Interact with Amphotericin B
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Amphotericin B
Drugs Closely Related to Amphotericin B
Drugs Significantly Different From Amphotericin B
Echinocandins
Anidulafungin
Caspofungin
Micafungin
Flucytosine
Azole Antifungal Drugs
TABLE 44.3: Summary of Selected Azole Antifungal Agents
TABLE 44.4: Summary of Selected Topical Azole Antifungal Agents
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Fluconazole
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 44.5: Agents That Interact with Fluconazole
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: FLUCONAZOLE AND CHRONIC CANDIDIASIS
MEMORY CHIP : Fluconazole
Drugs Closely Related to Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Posaconazole
Voriconazole
Ketoconazole
Drugs Significantly Different From Fluconazole
Butoconazole
Clotrimazole
Econazole
Miconazole
Oxiconazole
Sertaconazole
Sulconazole
Terconazole
Tioconazole
Miscellaneous Antifungal Drugs
TABLE 44.6: Summary of Miscellaneous Antifungal Agents
Butenafine
Ciclopirox Olamine
Griseofulvin
Naftifine
Terbinafine
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
45: Drugs Treating Viral Infections
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Viral Infections
PHYSIOLOGY OF VIRAL REPRODUCTION
FIGURE 45.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SELECTED VIRAL INFECTIONS
Cytomegalovirus
Hepatitis
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster
Influenza
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Purine Nucleoside Analogue Drugs
TABLE 45.1: Summary of Selected Purine Nucleoside Analogue Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Acyclovir
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 45.2: Agents That Interact with Acyclovir
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Acyclovir
Famciclovir
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: ACYCLOVIR AND HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Valacyclovir
MEMORY CHIP : Acyclovir
Drugs Significantly Different From Acyclovir
Drugs Used for Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cidofovir
Foscarnet
Ganciclovir
Valganciclovir
Topical Drugs
Docosanol
Penciclovir
Ophthalmic Drugs
Trifluridine
Drugs Used for Influenza
TABLE 45.3: Summary of Selected Anti-Influenza Drugs
Oseltamivir
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 45.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Influenza Pandemics
Nursing Implications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Box 45.2: SYMPTOMS AT A GLANCE
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Oseltamivir
Zanamivir
Drugs Significantly Different From Oseltamivir
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Drugs Used for Hepatitis
TABLE 45.4: Summary of Selected Drugs for Hepatitis
TABLE 45.5: Drugs for Managing Hepatitis
Interferons
Interferon Alfa
Other Drugs for Hepatitis
Adefovir Dipivoxil
Boceprevir
Entecavir
Lamivudine
Telbivudine
Drugs Used for Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Palivizumab
Ribavirin
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
46: Drugs Treating HIV Infection and AIDS
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating HIV Infection ans AIDS
Box 46.1: DEFINING HIV INFECTION
Lab Criteria
Case Classification
PHYSIOLOGY
CD4 Cell Function
FIGURE 46.1
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
FIGURE 46.2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 46.3
DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION
Box 46.2: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIV SCREENING
LABORATORY TESTS
Box 46.3: INDICATIONS FOR INITIATING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC HIV-1 INFECTION
CD4 Cell Count
Viral Load (HIV RNA) Count
FIGURE 46.4
Resistance Assays
Box 46.4: DRUG RESISTANCE TESTING
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG THERAPY FOR HIV INFECTION
Box 46.5: PRINCIPLES OF DRUG THERAPY FOR HIV INFECTION
NUCLEOSIDE/NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
TABLE 46.1: Summary of Selected Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Zidovudine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
TABLE 46.2: Potential Life-Threatening and Serious Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Drug Classes
Drug Interactions
TABLE 46.3: Agents That Interact with Zidovudine
TABLE 46.4: HIV-Related Drugs with Overlapping Toxicities
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Box 46.6: HIV MANAGEMENT DURING PREGNANCY
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Zidovudine
Drugs Closely Related to Zidovudine
Abacavir Sulfate
Didanosine
Emtricitabine
Lamivudine
Stavudine
Tenofovir
NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIS)
TABLE 46.5: Summary of Selected Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Efavirenz
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 46.6: Agents That Interact with Efavirenz
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Efavirenz
Delavirdine
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO
MEMORY CHIP : Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Etravirine (Intelence, TMC-125)
Rilpivirine
PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Box 46.7: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Lessening Lipoatrophy
The Study
Nursing Implications
TABLE 46.7: Summary of Selected Protease Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Saquinavir
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacoklnetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 46.8: Agents That Interact with Saquinavir
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Saquinavir
Drugs Closely Related to Saquinavir
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Darunavir
Fosamprenavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
Ritonavir
Tipranavir
Lopinavir/Ritonavir
INTEGRASE INHIBITORS
TABLE 46.9: Overview of Raltegravir
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Raltegravir
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 46.10: Agents that Interact with Raltegravir
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Raltegrvir
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
ENTRY INHIBITORS
TABLE 46.11: Summary of Selected Entry Inhibitors
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Enfuvirtide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Enfuvirtide
Drugs Significantly Different Than Enfuvirtide CCR5 Inhibitors
POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
Box 46.8: BODY FLUIDS THAT CAN TRANSMIT A HIV INFECTION
PROPHYLAXIS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
TABLE 46.12: Prophylaxis to Prevent First Episode of Opportunistic Disease
Box 46.9: ORAL HEALTH CARE FOR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Influenza Virus
Histoplasma capsulatum
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Cytomegalovirus
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
47: Drugs Treating Parasitic Infections
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Treating Parasitic Infections
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Malaria
FIGURE 47.1
Parasitic Diseases
Amebiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
Trichomoniasis
Toxoplasmosis
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
Helminthic Infections
Intestinal Nematode Infections
Ascariasis (Giant Roundworm)
Enterobiasis (Pinworm)
Strongyloidiasis (Threadworm)
Trichuriasis (Whipworm)
Trichinosis (Pork Roundworm)
Blood and Tissue Nematode Infections
Cestode Infections
Trematode Infections
Ectoparasitic Infections
Scabies
Pediculosis
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
FIGURE 47.2
TABLE 47.1: Summary of Selected Antimalarial Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Chloroquine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 47.2: Agents That Interact with Chloroquine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Box 47.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Stop Malaria Before It Starts!
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Primaquine
MEMORY CHIP : Chloroquine
Drugs Significantly Different From Chloroquine
Artemether/lumefantrine
Atovaquone/Proguanil
Mefloquine
Quinine Sulfate
Quinidine Gluconate
Antibacterials
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS
Box 47.2: DRUGS FOR PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Drugs Affecting Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, and Toxoplasmosis
TABLE 47.3: Summary of Selected Antiprotozoal Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Metronidazole
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 47.4: Agents That Interact with Metronidazole
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Metronidazole
Drug Closely Related to Metronidazole
Drugs Significantly Different From Metronidazole
lodoquinol
Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin
Pyrimethamine
Drugs Affecting Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
TABLE 47.5: Overview of Pentamidine
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Pentamidine Isethionate
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 47.6: Agents that Interact with Pentamidine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Pentamidine
Atovaquone
MEMORY CHIP : Pentamidine
Trimetrexate
ANTHELMINTHIC DRUGS
Box 47.3: WHICH DRUG FOR WHICH WORM?
TABLE 47.7: Summary of Selected Anthelminthic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Mebendazole
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Mebendazole
Albendazole
MEMORY CHIP : Mebendazole
Thiabendazole
Drugs Significantly Different From Mebendazole
Diethylcarbamazine
Ivermectin
Pyrantel
Praziquantel
ANTIECTOPARASITIC DRUGS
TABLE 47.8: Summary of Selected Antiectoparasitic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Permethrin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: HOME CARE CONCERNS IN ANTIECTOPARASITIC THERAPY
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Permethrin
Benzyl Alcohol
MEMORY CHIP : Permethrin
Crotamiton
Lindane
Malathion
Pyrethrins Plus Piperonyl Butoxide
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 11: Endocrine Drugs
48: Drugs Affecting Corticosteroid Levels
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Corticosteroid Levels
Box 48.1: THERAPEUTIC USES FOR THE CORTICOSTEROIDS
Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Effects at Physiologic Doses
Glucocorticoid Effects at Supraphysiologic (Pharmacologic) Doses
PHYSIOLOGY
Glucocorticoids
FIGURE 48.1
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Steroids
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Adrenal Insufficiency
Cushing Syndrome
FIGURE 48.2
Salt-Losing Adrenogenital Syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
STEROID HORMONE AGONISTS
Glucocorticoids
FIGURE 48.3
TABLE 48.1: Summary of Selected Glucocorticoids
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Prednisone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Box 48.2: PHARMACODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Metabolic
Anti-inflammatory (systemic and local effects)
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Box 48.3: POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PREDNISONE (AND OTHER GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY
Central Nervous System Problems
Endocrine/Metabolic Problems
Cardiovascular Problems
Gastrointestinal Problems
Fluid and Electrolyte Problems
Hematologic and Immunologic Problems
Musculoskeletal Problems
Ophthalmic Problems
Integumentary Problems
General Problems
Drug Interactions
TABLE 48.2: Agents That Interact with Prednisone
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Box 48.4: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Home Dosing Strategies
One Dose Every Other Day
One Dose Every Day
Several Doses Every Day
Periods of Stress, Illness, Injury, or Surgery
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Prednisone
Drugs Closely Related to Prednisone
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Methylprednisolone
Prednisolone
Inhaled Glucocorticoids
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: CONCERNS RAISED BY METHYLPREDNISOLONE AND OTHER GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Topical Glucocorticoids
TABLE 48.3: Comparative Potency of Topical Glucocorticosteroids
Intra-articularly Injected Glucocorticoids
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Fludrocortisone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 48.4: Overview of Fludrocortisone
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 48.5: Agents That Interact with Fludrocortisone
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
MEMORY CHIP : Fludrocortisone
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
STEROID HORMONE ANTAGONISTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Aminoglutethimide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
TABLE 48.6: Overview of Aminoglutethimide
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 48.7: Agents That Interact with Aminoglutethimide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Aminoglutethimide
Drugs Significantly Different From Aminoglutethimide
Cyproheptadine
Ketoconazole
Mitotane
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
49: Drugs Affecting Blood Glucose Levels
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Blood Glucose Levels
PHYSIOLOGY
Insulin
Functions of Insulin
FIGURE 49.1
Insulin Synthesis and Release
Glucagon
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
TABLE 49.1: Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Other Causes of Diabetes Mellitus
Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis
Complications of Diabetes
Acute Complications
FIGURE 49.2
Chronic Complications
BOX 49.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Diabetes Case Management Among Low-Income Ethnic Minority Populations
The Study
Nursing Implications
Diabetic Therapy
TABLE 49.2: Summary of Selected Antidiabetic Drugs
INSULINS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Regular Insulin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 49.3: Agents that Interact with Regular Insulin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
BOX 49.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Understanding How an Insulin Infusion Pump Works
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Box 49.3: FACTORS THAT ALTER THE ACCURACY OFA BEDSIDE BLOOD GLUCOSE RESULTS
Common User Errors:
Potential Patient Factors:
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Box 49.4: PATIENT AND FAMILY EDUCATION COMMON TO DIABETIC DRUG THERAPY
DISCUSSING DIET
UNDERSTANDING ACTIVITY AND REST
RECOGNIZING THE ROLE OF STRESS
MONITORING THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
ADMINISTERING INSULIN
Box 49.5: INSULIN ADMINISTRATION
American Diabetes Association Guidelines for Preparing and Administering a Subcutaneous Dose of Insulin
Other Considerations
EXPLAINING OTHER SAFETY MEASURES
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Regular Insulin
Rapid-acting Insulins: Aspart, Lispro, and Glulisine
TABLE 49.4: Pharmacokinetics of Insulins
MEMORY CHIP : Regular Insulin
Drugs Significantly Different From Regular Insulin
Preparations of Aspart or Lispro with Protamine
NPH
Detemir
Glargine
NON-INSULIN ANTIDIABETIC MEDICATIONS
Sulfonylureas
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Glyburide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: UNEXPECTED HYPOGLYCEMIA
Drug Interactions
TABLE 49.5: Agents that Interact with Glyburide1
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Glyburide
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Glyburide
Drugs Significantly Different From Glyburide
Repaglinide
Nateglinide
Nonsulfonylureas
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Metformin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 49.6: Agents That Interact with Metformin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Metformin
Drugs Closely Related to Metformin
Thiazolidinediones: Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone
Drugs Significantly Different From Metformin
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Acarbose and Miglitol
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor
Incretin Mimetic
Amylin Analogue
Antidiabetic Combination Agents: Glucovance and Metaglip
GLUCOSE-ELEVATING AGENTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Glucagon
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcome
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Glucagon
Diazoxide
MEMORY CHIP : Glucagon
Glucose
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
50: Drugs Affecting Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Hypothalamic Function
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Hypothalamic Function
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 50.1
Pituitary Gland Function
Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland Function
FIGURE 50.2
TABLE 50.1: Effect of Thyroid Hormones
Parathyroid Gland Function
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pituitary Gland Dysfunction
Anterior Pituitary Gland Dysfunction
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth Hormone Excess
Posterior Pituitary Gland Dysfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Box 50.1: DRUGS THAT MAY CAUSE SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION (SIADH)
Thyroid Gland Dysfunction
TABLE 50.2: Clinical Comparison of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Parathyroid Gland Dysfunction
TABLE 50.3: Disorders of Bone and Calcium Metabolism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
FIGURE 50.3
TABLE 50.4: Actions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D
PITUITARY DRUGS
TABLE 50.5: Summary of Selected Pituitary Drugs
Growth Hormones
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Somatropin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 50.6: Agents That Interact with Somatropin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
BOX 50.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Children Receiving Growth Hormone (Somatropin)
Drugs Closely Related to Somatropin Other Somatropin Preparations
MEMORY CHIP : Somatropin
Sermorelin Acetate
Drugs Significantly Different From Somatropin
Octreotide Acetate
Bromocriptine Mesylate
Pegvisomant
Posterior Pituitary Hormone Regulators
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Desmopressin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits and Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Desmopressin
Drug Closely Related to Desmopressin
Vasopressin
THYROID DRUGS
Thyroid Hormones
TABLE 50.7: Summary of Selected Thyroid Hormones
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Levothyroxine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 50.8: Agents That Interact with Levothyroxine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: LEVOTHYROXINE AND WEIGHT CONTROL
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Levothyroxine
Drugs Closely Related to Levothyroxine
Desiccated Thyroid
Liothyronine Sodium
Liotrix
Antithyroid Compunds
TABLE 50.9: Summary of Selected Antithyroid Drugse
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Methimazole (MMI)
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Methimazole
MEMORY CHIP : Methimazole (MMI)
Drugs Significantly Different From Methimazole
Iodide or Iodine Solutions (Lugol Solution, Thyro-Block (tablets))
Iodine-131
Propranolol
PARATHYROID DRUGS
Antihypercalcemic, Calcium-Regulator Drugs
TABLE 50.10: Summary of Selected Antithypercalcemic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Calcitonin, Salmon
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits and Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Calcitonin, Salmon
Bisphosphonates
MEMORY CHIP : Calcitonin, Salmon
Drugs Significantly Different From Calcitonin, Salmon
Cinacalcet
Furosemide
Gallium
Plicamycin
Antihypocalcemic Drugs
TABLE 50.11: Summary of Selected Antihypocalcemic Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Calcitriol
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 50.12: Agents That Interact with Calcitriol
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Calcitriol
Dihydrotachysterol
MEMORY CHIP : Calcitriol
Doxercalciferol
Paricalcitol
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
51: Drugs Affecting Men’s Health and Sexuality
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Men’s Health and Sexuality
PHYSIOLOGY
Hormones
Penis
Urethra and Prostate
FIGURE 51.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Hormonal Problems
Erectile Dysfunction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
FIGURE 51.2
Male Pattern Baldness
Prostate Cancer
ANDROGENS
TABLE 51.1: Summary of Selected Drugs Used to Treat Men’s Health Problems
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Testosterone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
BOX 51.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Athletes and Testosterone
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Testosterone
Synthetic Testosterones
Anabolic Steroids
MEMORY CHIP : Testosterone
Drug Significantly Different From
Testosterone
Drugs Used To Treat Erectile Dysfunction
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Sildenafil
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 51.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
New Indications for Sildenafil
The Study
Nursing Implications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 51.2: Drugs That Interact with Sildenafil
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects and Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: EFFECTIVENESS OF SILDENAFIL
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Sildenafil
MEMORY CHIP : Sidenafil
Vardenafil
Tadalafil
Alprostadil
Drug Significantly Different From Sildenafil
Yohimbine
Drugs To Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Finasteride
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Finasteride
Drug Closely Related To Finasteride
Drugs Significantly Different From Finasteride
DRUGS TO TREAT MALE PATTERN BALDNESS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Minoxidil
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutlcs
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Minoxidil (topical)
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
52: Drugs Affecting Women’s Health and Sexuality
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Women’s Health and Sexuality
PHYSIOLOGY
Estrogen
Progestin
Menstrual Cycle
FIGURE 52.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ESTROGENS
TABLE 52.1: Summary of Selected Estrogens
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Conjugated Estrogen
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
BOX 52.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Summary of Findings from the Women’s Health Initiative
The Study
Nursing Implications
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS ABOUT HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Conjugated Estrogen
Drugs Significantly Different From Conjugated Estrogen
Clomiphene
MEMORY CHIP : Conjugated Estrogen
Gonadotropins and Menotropins
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist
Synthetic Androgens
PROGESTINS
TABLE 52.2: Summary of Selected Progestins
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Progesterone
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Progesterone
Medroxyprogesterone, Norethindrone, and Norethindrone Acetate
MEMORY CHIP : Progesterone
Other Forms of Progesterone
Drugs Significantly Different From Progesterone
Megestrol
Mifepristone
CONTRACEPTIVES
BOX 52.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Contraceptives and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Oral Contraceptives
Emergency Oral Contraceptives
Other Combination Contraceptives
Transdermal Contraceptives
Vaginal Ring Contraceptive
Implanted Contraceptives
Intrauterine System Contraceptive
BISPHOSPHONATES
TABLE 52.3: Summary of Selected Drugs Used to Treat Bone Resorption
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Alendronate
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 52.4: Agents That Interact with Alendronate
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Culture and Inherited Traits
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Alendronate
Ibandronate
MEMORY CHIP : Alendronate
Risedronate
Etidronate, Tiludronate, Pamidronate, and Zoledronic Acid
Drugs Significantly Different From Alendronate
Raloxifene
Calcitonin, Salmon
Teriparatide
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
53: Drugs Affecting Uterine Motility
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting Uterine Motility
PHYSIOLOGY
Contractions and Related Changes
Systemic Changes in Labor
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OXYTOCICS
TABLE 53.1: Summary of Selected Uterine Motility Drugs
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Oxytocin
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
FIGURE 53.1
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Oxytocin
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Oxytocin
Ergonovine Maleate
Methylergonovine
Drugs Significantly Different From Oxytocin
Carboprost
Dinoprostone
Misoprostol
TOCOLYTICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Terbutaline
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
BOX 53.1: FOCUS ON RESERCH
Tocolytic Therapy: A meta-analysis and decision analysis.
The Study
Nursing Implications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 53.2: Agents That Interact with Terbutaline
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 53.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Teaching About Drugs That Affect Uterine Function
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: MATERNAL MONITORING AND TERBUTALINE
MEMORY CHIP : Terbutaline
Drug Closely Related to Terbutaline
Drugs Significantly Different From Terbutaline
Magnesium Sulfate
TABLE 53.3: Correlation of Serum Levels and Effects of Magnesium Sulfate
Calcium Channel Blockers
Atosiban
Indomethacin
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
UNIT 12: Immune System and Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs
54: Drugs Affecting the Immune Response
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs Affecting the Immune Response
PHYSIOLOGY
Specific Immune Responses
FIGURE 54.1
Immunity
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TABLE 54.1: Summary of Selected Biotherapy Agents
CYTOKINES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Interferon Alfa-2a
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 54.2: Agents That Interact with Interferon Alfa-2a
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Interferon Alfa-2a
MEMORY CHIP : Interferon Alfa-2a
Drug Significantly Different From Interferon Alfa-2a
IMMUNE MODULATORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Cyclosporine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 54.3: Agents That Interact With Cyclosporine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
BOX 54.1: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Cyclosporine at Home
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
BOX 54.2: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Blood Levels of Cyclosporine Drawn Peripherally or From a Central Access Device
The Study
Nursing Implications
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Cyclosporine
Drugs Closely Related to Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Sirolimus
Pemecrolimus
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Drugs Significantly Different From Cyclosporine
Retinoids
All-Transretinoic Acid
9-Cis-Transretinoic Acid
Bexarotene
Levamisole
Azathioprine
Glatiramer
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
Denileukin Diftitox
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Thalidomide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 54.4: Agents That Interact with Thalidomide
Assessment of Relevent Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnosis and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Thalidomide
Drugs Closely Related to Thalidomide
Lenalidomide
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
55: Targeted Therapies
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Targeted Therapies
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TABLE 55.1: Summary of Selected Targeted Agents
ANTIBODIES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Rituximab
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: RITUXIMAB FOR TREATMENT OF NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Life Span and Gender
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
MEMORY CHIP : Rituximab
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Rituximab
Trastuzumab
Bevacizumab
Cetuximab
Panitumumab
Alemtuzumab
Ofatumumab
Abciximab
Palivizumab
Denosumab
Drugs Significantly Different From Rituximab
Muromonab-CD3
Daclizumab
Basiliximab
Infliximab
Eculizumab
Satumomab Pendetide
Tositumomab Plus Iodine-131
Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
KINASE INHIBITORS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Imatinib
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 55.2: Agents That Interact with Imatinib
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Imatinib
Dasatinib
MEMORY CHIP : Imatinib
Nilotinib
Drugs Significantly Different from Imatinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
BOX 55.1: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Gefitinib First Line for Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Egfr Mutations Shows Improved Progression-Free Survival when Compared to Standard Chemotherapy.
The Study
Nursing Implications
Lapatinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Pazopanib
MTOR INHIBITORS
MTOR-I Inhibitors: Temsirolimus, Eversirolimus
Temsirolimus
Eversirolimus
OTHER INHIBITORS
PROTEASOME INHIBITORS
Bortezomib
HDAC INHIBITORS
Vorinostat
Romidepsin
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
56: Drugs That Are Cell Cycle–Specific
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs That Are Cell Cycle–Specific
BOX 56.1: ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN VARIOUS CANCERS
Primary Treatment
Future as a Primary Treatment
Treatment Before Surgery
PHYSIOLOGY
FIGURE 56.1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CELLULAR KINETICS OF CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS
FIGURE 56.2
ROUTES OF CHEMOTHERAPY ADMINISTRATION
TABLE 56.1: Administration Routes for Antineoplastic Drugs
HANDLING AND PROPER DISPOSAL OF CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS
Recommendations to Minimize Exposure During Preparation, Transport, Disposal, and Storage of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Management of Chemotherapy Spills
Measures for Accidental Exposure to Chemotherapy
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
TABLE 56.2: Summary of Selected Cell Cycle–Specific Antineoplastic Drugs
ANTIMETABOLITES
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving 5-Fluorouracil
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 56.3: Agents That Interact with 5-Fluorouracil
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
BOX 56.2: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
General Patient and Family Education for Chemotherapy
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : 5-Fluorouracil
Drugs Closely Related to 5-Fluorouracil
Cytarabine
Floxuridine
Gemcitabine
Capecitabine
BOX 56.3: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Capecitabine Results in Superior Response Rate, Improved Safety Profile, and Improved Convenience
The Study
Nursing Implications
Drug Significantly Different From 5-Fluorouracil
MITOTIC INHIBITORS
Vinca Alkaloids
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Vincristine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
BOX 56.4: MANAGING PERIPHERAL EXTRAVASATJON
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 56.4: Agents That Interact with Vincristine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
TABLE 56.5: Common Vesicants and Known Antidotes
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Vincristine
Vinblastine
MEMORY CHIP : Vincristine
Vinorelbine
Podophyllotoxins
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Etoposide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 56.6: Agents That Interact with Etoposide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Etoposide
TAXANES
MEMORY CHIP : Etoposide
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Paclitaxel
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 56.7: Agents That Interact with Paclitaxel
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
BOX 56.5: MANAGING A GENERALIZED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION AND ANAPHYLAXIS
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drug Closely Related to Paclitaxel
MEMORY CHIP : Paclitaxel
CAMPTOTHECINES (TOPOISOMERASE-I INHIBITORS)
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Topotecan
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Topotecan
Drug Closely Related to Topotecan
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: IMPLEMENTING IRINOTECAN THERAPY
MISCELLANEOUS CELL CYCLE-SPECIFIC DRUGS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Hydroxyurea
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
BOX 56.6: COMMUNITY BASED CONCERNS
Home Therapy with Hydroxyurea
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
MEMORY CHIP : Hydroxyurea
Drug Significantly Different From Hydroxyurea
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
57: Drugs That Are Cell Cycle–Nonspecific
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Drugs That Are Cell Cycle–Nonspecific
TABLE 57.1: Summary of Selected Cell Cycle–Nonspecific Antineoplastic Drugs
ALKYLATING AGENTS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Cyclophosphamide
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 57.2: Agents That Interact with Cyclophosphamide
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO: DETERMINING THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANTIEMESIS REGIMEN TO PREVENT CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Cyclophosphamide
Busulfan
MEMORY CHIP : Cyclophosphamide
Chlorambucil
Melphalan
Drugs Significantly Different From Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatin
Box 57.1: RANKING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ACCORDING TO EMETOGENIC POTENTIAL
Box 57.2: RISK FACTORS FOR NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Box 57.3: TYPES OF EMESIS AND THEIR TREATMENTS
Box 57.4: GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED EMESIS
Box 57.5: NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED EMESIS
Carboplatin
Oxaliplatin
NITROSOUREAS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Carmustine
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 57.3: Agents That Interact with Carmustine
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Carmustine
MEMORY CHIP : Carmustine
ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTICS
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Doxorubicin HCl
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 57.4: Agents That Interact with Doxorubicin
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Closely Related to Doxorubicin
MEMORY CHIP : Doxorubicin HCI
Drugs Significantly Different From Doxorubicin
HORMONES AND HORMONE ANTAGONISTS
Antiestrogens
Nursing Management of the Patient Receiving Tamoxifen
Core Drug Knowledge
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Contraindications and Precautions
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
TABLE 57.5: Agents That Interact with Tamoxifen
Assessment of Relevant Core Patient Variables
Health Status
Life Span and Gender
Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits
Environment
Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes
Planning and Intervention
Maximizing Therapeutic Effects
Minimizing Adverse Effects
Providing Patient and Family Education
Ongoing Assessment and Evaluation
Drugs Significantly Different From Tamoxifen
Adrenocorticosteroids
MEMORY CHIP : Tamoxifen
Androgens, Estrogens, and Progestins
Antiandrogens
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues
Aromatase Inhibitors
MAXIMIZING CELL KILL: COMBINATION THERAPY
BOX 57.6: FOCUS ON RESEARCH
Combination Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer
The Study
Nursing Implications
Box 57.7: RATING TUMOR RESPONSE
Complete Response
Partial Response
Stable Disease
Progressive Disease
TABLE 57.6: Common Combination Regimens
CHAPTER SUMMARY
QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND REVIEW
NEED MORE HELP?
REFERENCES
Back Matter
Answers to Questions for Study and Review
Unit 1: Foundations for Drug Therapy in Nursing
Chapter 1: Nursing Management of Drug Therapy
Chapter 2: Pharmaceuticals: Development, Safeguards, and Delivery
Chapter 3: Drug Administration
Unit 2: Core Drug Knowledge
Chapter 4: Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
Chapter 5: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
Unit 3: Core Patient Variables
Chapter 6: Life Span: Children
Chapter 7: Life Span: Pregnant or Breast-Feeding Women
Chapter 8: Life Span: Older Adults
Chapter 9: Lifestyle: Substance Abuse
Chapter 10: Lifestyle, Diet, and Habits: Nutrition and Complementary Medications
Chapter 11: Environment: Influences on Drug Therapy
Chapter 12: Culture: Considerations in Drug Therapy
Unit 4: Peripheral Nervous System Drugs
Chapter 13: Drugs Affecting Adrenergic Function
Chapter 14: Drugs Affecting Cholinergic Function
Unit 5: Central Nervous System Drugs
Chapter 15: Drugs Relieving Anxiety and Promoting Sleep
Chapter 16: Drugs Treating Mood Disorders
Chapter 17: Drugs Treating Psychotic Disorders and Dementia
Chapter 18: Drugs Treating Seizure Disorders
Chapter 19: Drugs Producing Anesthesia and Neuromuscular Blocking
Chapter 20: Drugs Affecting Muscle Spasm and Spasticity
Chapter 21: Drugs Treating Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders
Chapter 22: Drugs Stimulating the Central Nervous System
Unit 6: Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Chapter 23: Drugs Treating Severe Pain
Chapter 24: Drugs Treating Mild to Moderate Pain, Fever, Inflammation, and Migraine Headache
Chapter 25: Drugs Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis and Gout
Unit 7: Hematopoietic, Cardiovascular, and Renal System Drugs
Chapter 26: Drugs Affecting Blood Pressure
Chapter 27: Drugs Affecting Urinary Output
Chapter 28: Drugs Affecting Lipid Levels
Chapter 29: Drugs Treating Heart Failure
Chapter 30: Drugs Treating Angina
Chapter 31: Drugs Affecting Cardiac Rhythm
Chapter 32: Drugs Affecting Coagulation
Chapter 33: Drugs Affecting Hematopoiesis
Unit 8: Respiratory System Drugs
Chapter 34: Drugs Affecting the Upper Respiratory System
Chapter 35: Drugs Affecting the Lower Respiratory System
Unit 9: Gastrointestinal Tract Drugs
Chapter 36: Drugs Affecting the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 37: Drugs Affecting the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Unit 10: Antimicrobial Drugs
Chapter 38: Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Chapter 39: Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
Chapter 40: Antibiotics Affecting Protein Synthesis
Chapter 41: Drugs That Are Miscellaneous Antibiotics
Chapter 42: Drugs Treating Urinary Tract Infections
Chapter 43: Drugs Treating Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 44: Drugs Treating Fungal Infections
Chapter 45: Drugs Treating Viral Infections
Chapter 46: Drugs Treating HIV Infection and AIDS
Chapter 47: Drugs Treating Parasitic Infections
Unit 11: Endocrine Drugs
Chapter 48: Drugs Affecting Corticosteroid Levels
Chapter 49: Drugs Affecting Blood Glucose Levels
Chapter 50: Drugs Affecting Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Hypothalamic Function
Chapter 51: Drugs Affecting Men’s Health and Sexuality
Chapter 52: Drugs Affecting Women’s Health and Sexuality
Chapter 53: Drugs Affecting Uterine Mobility
Unit 12: Immune System and Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs
Chapter 54: Drugs Affecting the Immune Response
Chapter 55: Targeted Therapies
Chapter 56: Drugs That Are Cell Cycle-Specific
Chapter 57: Drugs That Are Cell Cycle-Nonspecific
Index

People also search:

Drug Therapy in Nursing
Drug Therapy in Nursing Diane Aschenbrenner
Drug Therapy in Nursing Diane Aschenbrenner Fourth
Drug Therapy in Nursing Diane Aschenbrenner Fourth Test Bank
Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner Download

Sign up for Newsletter

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

You may also like…

Sign up for Newsletter

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

Test Bank For Drug Therapy in Nursing, Fourth edition: Diane Aschenbrenner

You may also like…

Login