1.1 Welcome to Assembly Language 1

1.1.1 Questions You Might Ask 3

1.1.2 Assembly Language Applications 6

1.1.3 Section Review 6

1.2 Virtual Machine Concept 7

1.2.1 Section Review 9

1.3 Data Representation 9

1.3.1 Binary Integers 10

1.3.2 Binary Addition 12

1.3.3 Integer Storage Sizes 13

1.3.4 Hexadecimal Integers 13

1.3.5 Hexadecimal Addition 15

1.3.6 Signed Binary Integers 16

1.3.7 Binary Subtraction 18

1.3.8 Character Storage 19

1.3.9 Section Review 21

1.4 Boolean Expressions 22

1.4.1 Truth Tables for Boolean Functions 24

1.4.2 Section Review 26

1.5 Chapter Summary 26

1.6 Key Terms 27

1.7 Review Questions and Exercises 28

1.7.1 Short Answer 28

1.7.2 Algorithm Workbench 30

2 x86 Processor Architecture 32

2.1 General Concepts 33

2.1.1 Basic Microcomputer Design 33

2.1.2 Instruction Execution Cycle 34

2.1.3 Reading from Memory 36

2.1.4 Loading and Executing a Program 36

2.1.5 Section Review 37

2.2 32-Bit x86 Processors 37

2.2.1 Modes of Operation 37

2.2.2 Basic Execution Environment 38

2.2.3 x86 Memory Management 41

2.2.4 Section Review 42

2.3 64-Bit x86-64 Processors 42

2.3.1 64-Bit Operation Modes 43

2.3.2 Basic 64-Bit Execution Environment 43

2.4 Components of a Typical x86 Computer 44

2.4.1 Motherboard 44

2.4.2 Memory 46

2.4.3 Section Review 46

2.5 Input—Output System 47

2.5.1 Levels of I/O Access 47

2.5.2 Section Review 49

2.6 Chapter Summary 50

2.7 Key Terms 51

2.8 Review Questions 52

3 Assembly Language Fundamentals 53

3.1 Basic Language Elements 54

3.1.1 First Assembly Language Program 54

3.1.2 Integer Literals 55

3.1.3 Constant Integer Expressions 56

3.1.4 Real Number Literals 57

3.1.5 Character Literals 57

3.1.6 String Literals 58

3.1.7 Reserved Words 58

3.1.8 Identifiers 58

3.1.9 Directives 59

3.1.10 Instructions 60

3.1.11 Section Review 63

3.2 Example: Adding and Subtracting Integers 63

3.2.1 The AddTwo Program 63

3.2.2 Running and Debugging the AddTwo Program 65

3.2.3 Program Template 70

3.2.4 Section Review 70

3.3 Assembling, Linking, and Running Programs 71

3.3.1 The Assemble-Link-Execute Cycle 71

3.3.2 Listing File 71

3.3.3 Section Review 73

3.4 Defining Data 74

3.4.1 Intrinsic Data Types 74

3.4.2 Data Definition Statement 74

3.4.3 Adding a Variable to the AddTwo Program 75

3.4.4 Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data 76

3.4.5 Defining WORD and SWORD Data 78

3.4.6 Defining DWORD and SDWORD Data 79

3.4.7 Defining QWORD Data 79

3.4.8 Defining Packed BCD (TBYTE) Data 80

3.4.9 Defining Floating-Point Types 81

3.4.10 A Program That Adds Variables 81

3.4.11 Little-Endian Order 82

3.4.12 Declaring Uninitialized Data 83

3.4.13 Section Review 83

3.5 Symbolic Constants 84

3.5.1 Equal-Sign Directive 84

3.5.2 Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings 85

3.5.3 EQU Directive 86

3.5.4 TEXTEQU Directive 87

3.5.5 Section Review 88

3.6 64-Bit Programming 88

3.7 Chapter Summary 90

3.8 Key Terms 91

3.8.1 Terms 91

3.8.2 Instructions, Operators, and Directives 92

3.9 Review Questions and Exercises 92

3.9.1 Short Answer 92

3.9.2 Algorithm Workbench 93

3.10 Programming Exercises 94

4 Data Transfers, Addressing, and Arithmetic 95

4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 96

4.1.1 Introduction 96

4.1.2 Operand Types 96

4.1.3 Direct Memory Operands 96

4.1.4 MOV Instruction 98

4.1.5 Zero/Sign Extension of Integers 99

4.1.6 LAHF and SAHF Instructions 101

4.1.7 XCHG Instruction 102

4.1.8 Direct-Offset Operands 102

4.1.9 Example Program (Moves) 103

4.1.10 Section Review 104

4.2 Addition and Subtraction 105

4.2.1 INC and DEC Instructions 105

4.2.2 ADD Instruction 105

4.2.3 SUB Instruction 106

4.2.4 NEG Instruction 106

4.2.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions 106

4.2.6 Flags Affected by Addition and Subtraction 107

4.2.7 Example Program (AddSubTest) 111

4.2.8 Section Review 112

4.3 Data-Related Operators and Directives 112

4.3.1 OFFSET Operator 112

4.3.2 ALIGN Directive 113

4.3.3 PTR Operator 114

4.3.4 TYPE Operator 115

4.3.5 LENGTHOF Operator 116

4.3.6 SIZEOF Operator 116

4.3.7 LABEL Directive 116

4.3.8 Section Review 117

4.4 Indirect Addressing 117

4.4.1 Indirect Operands 117

4.4.2 Arrays 118

4.4.3 Indexed Operands 119

4.4.4 Pointers 121

4.4.5 Section Review 122

4.5 JMP and LOOP Instructions 123

4.5.1 JMP Instruction 123

4.5.2 LOOP Instruction 124

4.5.3 Displaying an Array in the Visual Studio Debugger 125

4.5.4 Summing an Integer Array 126

4.5.5 Copying a String 127

4.5.6 Section Review 128

4.6 64-Bit Programming 128

4.6.1 MOV Instruction 128

4.6.2 64-Bit Version of SumArray 130

4.6.3 Addition and Subtraction 130

4.6.4 Section Review 131

4.7 Chapter Summary 132

4.8 Key Terms 133

4.8.1 Terms 133

4.8.2 Instructions, Operators, and Directives 133

4.9 Review Questions and Exercises 134

4.9.1 Short Answer 134

4.9.2 Algorithm Workbench 136

4.10 Programming Exercises 137

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