CHAPTER 2 Specifications, Loads, and Methods of Design 39
2.1 Specifications and Building Codes 39
2.2 Loads 41
2.3 Dead Loads 41
2.4 Live Loads 42
2.5 Environmental Loads 45
2.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 51
2.7 Nominal Strengths 52
2.8 Shading 52
2.9 Computation of Loads for LRFD and ASD 52
2.10 Computing Combined Loads with LRFD Expressions 53
2.11 Computing Combined Loads with ASD Expressions 57
2.12 Two Methods of Obtaining an Acceptable Level of Safety 58
2.13 Discussion of Sizes of Load Factors and Safety Factors 59
2.14 Author’s Comment 60
2.15 Problems for Solution 60CHAPTER 3 Analysis of Tension Members 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Nominal Strengths of Tension Members 65
3.3 Net Areas 67
3.4 Effect of Staggered Holes 69
3.5 Effective Net Areas 74
3.6 Connecting Elements for Tension Members 84
3.7 Block Shear 85
3.8 Problems for Solution 94

CHAPTER 4 Design of Tension Members 103
4.1 Selection of Sections 103
4.2 Built-Up Tension Members 111
4.3 Rods and Bars 115
4.4 Pin-Connected Members 120
4.5 Design for Fatigue Loads 122
4.6 Problems for Solution 125

CHAPTER 5 Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members 129
5.1 General 129
5.2 Residual Stresses 132
5.3 Sections Used for Columns 133
5.4 Development of Column Formulas 137
5.5 The Euler Formula 139
5.6 End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns 141
5.7 Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements 144
5.8 Long, Short, and Intermediate Columns 145
5.9 Column Formulas 148
5.10 Maximum Slenderness Ratios 150

CHAPTER 6 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members 163
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 AISC Design Tables 166
6.3 Column Splices 171
6.4 Built-Up Columns 174
6.5 Built-Up Columns with Components
in Contact with Each Other 175
6.6 Connection Requirements for Built-Up Columns Whose Components Are in Contact with Each Other 176
6.7 Built-Up Columns with Components not in Contact with Each Other 182
6.8 Single-Angle Compression Members 187
6.9 Sections Containing Slender Elements 189
6.10 Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members 191
6.11 Problems for Solution 196

CHAPTER 7 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members (Continued) and Column Base Plates 200
7.1 Introduction 200
7.2 Further Discussion of Effective Lengths 201
7.3 Frames Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions 205
7.4 Frames Not Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions as to Joint Rotations 208
7.5 Stiffness-Reduction Factors 211
7.6 Columns Leaning on Each Other for In-Plane Design 215
7.7 Base Plates for Concentrically Loaded Columns 218
7.8 Problems for Solution 232

CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Beams 237
8.1 Types of Beams 237
8.2 Sections Used as Beams 237
8.3 Bending Stresses 238
8.4 Plastic Hinges 239
8.5 Elastic Design 240
8.6 The Plastic Mo