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Solution Manual for Biology The Dynamic Science, 4th Edition

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  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9781305389892
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1305389892
  • Author: Beverly McMillan; Peter J. Russell; Paul E. Hertz

Russell/Hertz/McMillan, BIOLOGY: THE DYNAMIC SCIENCE 4e and MindTap teach Biology the way scientists practice it by emphasizing and applying science as a process. You learn not only what scientists know, but how they know it, and what they still need to learn. The authors explain complex ideas clearly and describe how biologists collect and interpret evidence to test hypotheses about the living world. Throughout, Russell and MindTap provide engaging applications, develop quantitative analysis and mathematical reasoning skills, and build conceptual understanding.

Table of contents:

  1. Contents
  2. Ch 1: Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research
  3. 1.1: What is Life? Characteristics of Living Organisms
  4. 1.2: Biological Evolution
  5. 1.3: Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
  6. 1.4: Biological Research
  7. Review Key Concepts
  8. Test Your Knowledge
  9. Ch 2: Life, Chemistry, and Water
  10. 2.1: The Organization of Matter: Elements and Atoms
  11. 2.2: Atomic Structure
  12. 2.3: Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
  13. 2.4: Hydrogen Bonds and the Properties of Water
  14. 2.5: Water Ionization and Acids, Bases, and Buffers
  15. Review Key Concepts
  16. Test Your Knowledge
  17. Ch 3: Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life
  18. 3.1: Formation and Modification of Biological Molecules
  19. 3.2: Carbohydrates
  20. 3.3: Lipids
  21. 3.4: Proteins
  22. 3.5: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
  23. Review Key Concepts
  24. Test Your Knowledge
  25. Ch 4: Cells
  26. 4.1: Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
  27. 4.2: Prokaryotic Cells
  28. 4.3: Eukaryotic Cells
  29. 4.4: Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
  30. 4.5: The Animal Cell Surface
  31. Review Key Concepts
  32. Test Your Knowledge
  33. Ch 5: Membranes and Transport
  34. 5.1: Membrane Structure and Function
  35. 5.2: Functions of Membranes in Transport: Passive Transport
  36. 5.3: Passive Water Transport and Osmosis
  37. 5.4: Active Transport
  38. 5.5: Exocytosis and Endocytosis
  39. Review Key Concepts
  40. Test Your Knowledge
  41. Ch 6: Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions
  42. 6.1: Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
  43. 6.2: Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
  44. 6.3: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
  45. 6.4: Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
  46. 6.5: Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
  47. 6.6: RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
  48. Review Key Concepts
  49. Test Your Knowledge
  50. Ch 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
  51. 7.1: Overview of Cellular Respiration
  52. 7.2: Glycolysis: Splitting the Sugar in Half
  53. 7.3: Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
  54. 7.4: Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transfer System and Chemiosmosis
  55. 7.5: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
  56. 7.6: Interrelationships of Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
  57. Review Key Concepts
  58. Test Your Knowledge
  59. Ch 8: Photosynthesis
  60. 8.1: Photosynthesis: An Overview
  61. 8.2: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  62. 8.3: The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis
  63. 8.4: Photorespiration and Alternative Processes of Carbon Fixation
  64. 8.5: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared
  65. Review Key Concepts
  66. Test Your Knowledge
  67. Ch 9: Cell Communication
  68. 9.1: Cell Communication: An Overview
  69. 9.2: Cell Communication Systems with Surface Receptors
  70. 9.3: Signaling Pathways Triggered by Surface Receptors
  71. 9.4: Signaling Pathways Triggered by Internal Receptors
  72. 9.5: Integration of Cell Communication Pathways
  73. Review Key Concepts
  74. Test Your Knowledge
  75. Ch 10: Cell Division and Mitosis
  76. 10.1: The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
  77. 10.2: The Mitotic Cell Cycle
  78. 10.3: Formation and Action of the Mitotic Spindle
  79. 10.4: Cell Cycle Regulation
  80. 10.5: Cell Division in Bacteria
  81. Review Key Concepts
  82. Test Your Knowledge
  83. Ch 11: Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction
  84. 11.1: The Mechanisms of Meiosis
  85. 11.2: Mechanisms That Generate Genetic Variability
  86. 11.3: The Time and Place of Meiosis in Organismal Life Cycles
  87. Review Key Concepts
  88. Test Your Knowledge
  89. Ch 12: Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance
  90. 12.1: The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel’s Garden Peas
  91. 12.2: Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel’s Principles
  92. Review Key Concepts
  93. Test Your Knowledge
  94. Ch 13: Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics
  95. 13.1: Genetic Linkage and Recombination
  96. 13.2: Sex-Linked Genes
  97. 13.3: Chromosomal Mutations That Affect Inheritance
  98. 13.4: Human Genetic Traits, Pedigree Analysis, and Genetic Counseling
  99. 13.5: Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
  100. Review Key Concepts
  101. Test Your Knowledge
  102. Ch 14: DNA Structure and Replication
  103. 14.1: Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule
  104. 14.2: DNA Structure
  105. 14.3: DNA Replication
  106. 14.4: Repair of Errors in DNA
  107. Review Key Concepts
  108. Test Your Knowledge
  109. Ch 15: From DNA to Protein
  110. 15.1: The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein
  111. 15.2: Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis
  112. 15.3: Production of mRNAs in Eukaryotes
  113. 15.4: Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis
  114. 15.5: Genetic Changes That Affect Protein Structure and Function
  115. Review Key Concepts
  116. Test Your Knowledge
  117. Ch 16: Regulation of Gene Expression
  118. 16.1: Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
  119. 16.2: Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
  120. 16.3: Posttranscriptional, Translational, and Posttranslational Regulation
  121. 16.4: Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Development
  122. 16.5: The Genetics and Genomics of Cancer
  123. Review Key Concepts
  124. Test Your Knowledge
  125. Ch 17: Bacterial and Viral Genetics
  126. 17.1: Gene Transfer and Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
  127. 17.2: Viruses and Viral Genetics
  128. 17.3: Viroids and Prions, Infectious Agents Lacking Protein Coats
  129. Review Key Concepts
  130. Test Your Knowledge
  131. Ch 18: DNA Technologies: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications
  132. 18.1: Key DNA Technologies for Making Genetically Altered Organisms
  133. 18.2: Applications of Genetically Altered Organisms
  134. 18.3: Other Applications of DNA Technologies
  135. Review Key Concepts
  136. Test Your Knowledge
  137. Ch 19: Genomes and Proteomes
  138. 19.1: Genomics: An Overview
  139. 19.2: Genome Sequence Determination and Annotation
  140. 19.3: Determining the Functions of the Genes in a Genome
  141. 19.4: Genome Evolution
  142. Review Key Concepts
  143. Test Your Knowledge
  144. Ch 20: Development of Evolutionary Thinking
  145. 20.1: Recognition of Evolutionary Change
  146. 20.2: Darwin’s Journeys
  147. 20.3: Evolutionary Biology since Darwin
  148. Review Key Concepts
  149. Test Your Knowledge
  150. Ch 21: Microevolution: Genetic Changes within Populations
  151. 21.1: Variation in Natural Populations
  152. 21.2: Population Genetics
  153. 21.3: The Agents of Microevolution
  154. 21.4: Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation
  155. 21.5: Adaptation and Evolutionary Constraints
  156. Review Key Concepts
  157. Test Your Knowledge
  158. Ch 22: Speciation
  159. 22.1: What is a Species?
  160. 22.2: Maintaining Reproductive Isolation
  161. 22.3: The Geography of Speciation
  162. 22.4: Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation
  163. Review Key Concepts
  164. Test Your Knowledge
  165. Ch 23: Paleobiology and Macroevolution
  166. 23.1: The Fossil Record
  167. 23.2: Earth History
  168. 23.3: Historical Biogeography and Convergent Biotas
  169. 23.4: The History of Biodiversity
  170. 23.5: Interpreting Evolutionary Lineages
  171. 23.6: The Evolution of Morphological Novelties
  172. Review Key Concepts
  173. Test Your Knowledge
  174. Ch 24: Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life
  175. 24.1: Nomenclature and Classification
  176. 24.2: Phylogenetic Trees
  177. 24.3: Sources of Data for Phylogenetic Analyses
  178. 24.4: Traditional Classification and Paraphyletic Groups
  179. 24.5: The Cladistic Revolution
  180. 24.6: Phylogenetic Trees as Research Tools
  181. 24.7: Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses
  182. Review Key Concepts
  183. Test Your Knowledge
  184. Ch 25: The Origin of Life
  185. 25.1: The Formation of Molecules Necessary for Life
  186. 25.2: The Origin of Cells
  187. 25.3: The Origins of Eukaryotic Cells
  188. Review Key Concepts
  189. Test Your Knowledge
  190. Ch 26: Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
  191. 26.1: Prokaryotic Structure and Function
  192. 26.2: The Domain Bacteria
  193. 26.3: The Domain Archaea
  194. Review Key Concepts
  195. Test Your Knowledge
  196. Ch 27: Protists
  197. 27.1: What is a Protist?
  198. 27.2: The Protist Groups
  199. Review Key Concepts
  200. Test Your Knowledge
  201. Ch 28: Seedless Plants
  202. 28.1: Plant Evolution: Adaptations to Life on Land
  203. 28.2: Bryophytes, the Nonvascular Land Plants
  204. 28.3: Seedless Vascular Plants
  205. 28.4: Ecological, Economic, and Research Importance of Seedless Plants
  206. Review Key Concepts
  207. Test Your Knowledge
  208. Ch 29: Seed Plants
  209. 29.1: The Rise of Seed Plants
  210. 29.2: Gymnosperms: The “Naked Seed” Plants
  211. 29.3: Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
  212. 29.4: Insights from Plant Genome Research
  213. 29.5: Seed Plants and People
  214. Review Key Concepts
  215. Test Your Knowledge
  216. Ch 30: Fungi
  217. 30.1: General Characteristics of Fungi
  218. 30.2: Evolution of the Kingdom Fungi
  219. 30.3: Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae
  220. 30.4: Impacts of Fungi in Ecosystems and Society
  221. Review Key Concepts
  222. Test Your Knowledge
  223. Ch 31: Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes
  224. 31.1: What is an Animal?
  225. 31.2: Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
  226. 31.3: An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Classification
  227. 31.4: Animals without Tissues: Parazoa
  228. 31.5: Eumetazoans with Radial Symmetry
  229. 31.6: Lophotrochozoan Protostomes
  230. 31.7: Ecdysozoan Protostomes
  231. Review Key Concepts
  232. Test Your Knowledge
  233. Ch 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives
  234. 32.1: Invertebrate Deuterostomes
  235. 32.2: Overview of the Phylum Chordata
  236. 32.3: The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates
  237. 32.4: “Agnathans”: Hagfishes and Lampreys, Conodonts and Ostracoderms
  238. 32.5: Gnathostomata: The Evolution of Jaws
  239. 32.6: Tetrapoda: The Evolution of Limbs
  240. 32.7: Amniota: The Evolution of Fully Terrestrial Vertebrates
  241. 32.8: Living Lepidosaurs: Sphenodontids and Squamates
  242. 32.9: Living Archelosaurs: Turtles, Corocodilians, and Birds
  243. 32.10: Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
  244. 32.11: Nonhuman Primates
  245. 32.12: The Evolution of Humans
  246. Review Key Concepts
  247. Test Your Knowledge
  248. Ch 33: The Plant Body
  249. 33.1: Basic Concepts of Plant Structure and Growth
  250. 33.2: The Three Plant Tissue Systems
  251. 33.3: Root Systems
  252. 33.4: Primary Shoot Systems
  253. 33.5: Secondary Growth
  254. Review Key Concepts
  255. Test Your Knowledge
  256. Ch 34: Transport in Plants
  257. 34.1: Overview of Water and Solute Movements in Plants
  258. 34.2: Roots: Moving Water and Minerals into the Plant
  259. 34.3: Transport of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
  260. 34.4: Stomata: Regulating the Loss of Water by Transpiration
  261. 34.5: Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem
  262. Review Key Concepts
  263. Test Your Knowledge
  264. Ch 35: Plant Nutrition
  265. 35.1: Plant Nutritional Requirements
  266. 35.2: Soil
  267. 35.3: Root Adaptations for Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
  268. Review Key Concepts
  269. Test Your Knowledge
  270. Ch 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
  271. 36.1: Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
  272. 36.2: The Formation of Flowers and Gametes
  273. 36.3: Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
  274. 36.4: Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
  275. 36.5: Early Plant Development
  276. Review Key Concepts
  277. Test Your Knowledge
  278. Ch 37: Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment
  279. 37.1: Introduction to Plant Hormones
  280. 37.2: Plant Chemical Defenses
  281. 37.3: Plant Movements
  282. 37.4: Plant Biological Clocks
  283. Review Key Concepts
  284. Test Your Knowledge
  285. Ch 38: Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology
  286. 38.1: Organization of the Animal Body
  287. 38.2: Animal Tissues
  288. 38.3: Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
  289. 38.4: Homeostasis
  290. Review Key Concepts
  291. Test Your Knowledge
  292. Ch 39: Information Flow and the Neuron
  293. 39.1: Neurons and Their Organization in Nervous Systems
  294. 39.2: Signaling by Neurons
  295. 39.3: Transmission across Chemical Synapses
  296. 39.4: Integration of Incoming Signals by Neurons
  297. Review Key Concepts
  298. Test Your Knowledge
  299. Ch 40: Nervous Systems
  300. 40.1: Invertebrate and Vertebrate Nervous Systems Compared
  301. 40.2: The Peripheral Nervous System
  302. 40.3: The Central Nervous System and Its Functions
  303. 40.4: Memory, Learning, and Consciousness
  304. Review Key Concepts
  305. Test Your Knowledge
  306. Ch 41: Sensory Systems
  307. 41.1: Overview of Sensory Receptors and Pathways
  308. 41.2: Mechanoreceptors and the Tactile and Spatial Senses
  309. 41.3: Mechanoreceptors and Hearing
  310. 41.4: Photoreceptors and Vision
  311. 41.5: Chemoreceptors
  312. 41.6: Thermoreceptors and Nociceptors
  313. 41.7: Magnetoreceptors and Electroreceptors
  314. Review Key Concepts
  315. Test Your Knowledge
  316. Ch 42: The Endocrine System
  317. 42.1: Hormones and Their Secretion
  318. 42.2: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  319. 42.3: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
  320. 42.4: Other Major Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates
  321. 42.5: Endocrine Systems in Invertebrates
  322. Review Key Concepts
  323. Test Your Knowledge
  324. Ch 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements
  325. 43.1: Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
  326. 43.2: Skeletal Systems
  327. 43.3: Vertebrate Movement: The Interactions between Muscles and Bones
  328. Review Key Concepts
  329. Test Your Knowledge
  330. Ch 44: The Circulatory System
  331. 44.1: Animal Circulatory Systems: An Introduction
  332. 44.2: Blood and Its Components
  333. 44.3: The Heart
  334. 44.4: Blood Vessels of the Circulatory System
  335. 44.5: Maintaining Blood Flow and Pressure
  336. 44.6: The Lymphatic System
  337. Review Key Concepts
  338. Test Your Knowledge
  339. Ch 45: Defenses against Disease
  340. 45.1: Three Lines of Defense against Pathogens
  341. 45.2: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses
  342. 45.3: Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses
  343. 45.4: Malfunctions and Failures of the Immune System
  344. 45.5: Evolved Defenses against Pathogens in Other Animals
  345. Review Key Concepts
  346. Test Your Knowledge
  347. Ch 46: Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System
  348. 46.1: The Function of Gas Exchange
  349. 46.2: Evolutionary Adaptations for Respiration
  350. 46.3: The Mammalian Respiratory System
  351. 46.4: Mechanisms of Gas Exchange and Transport
  352. 46.5: Respiration at High Altitudes and in Ocean Depths
  353. Review Key Concepts
  354. Test Your Knowledge
  355. Ch 47: Animal Nutrition
  356. 47.1: Feeding and Nutrition
  357. 47.2: Digestive Processes
  358. 47.3: Digestion in Humans and Other Mammals
  359. 47.4: Regulation of the Digestive Process
  360. 47.5: Digestive Specializations in Vertebrates
  361. Review Key Concepts
  362. Test Your Knowledge
  363. Ch 48: Regulating the Internal Environment
  364. 48.1: Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
  365. 48.2: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
  366. 48.3: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals
  367. 48.4: Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function
  368. 48.5: Kidney Function in Nonmammalian Vertebrates
  369. 48.6: Introduction to Thermoregulation
  370. 48.7: Ectothermy
  371. 48.8: Endothermy
  372. Review Key Concepts
  373. Test Your Knowledge
  374. Ch 49: Animal Reproduction
  375. 49.1: Animal Reproductive Modes: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
  376. 49.2: Cellular Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
  377. 49.3: Sexual Reproduction in Humans
  378. 49.4: Methods for Preventing Pregnancy: Contraception
  379. Review Key Concepts
  380. Test Your Knowledge
  381. Ch 50: Animal Development
  382. 50.1: Mechanisms of Embryonic Development
  383. 50.2: Major Patterns of Cleavage and Gastrulation
  384. 50.3: From Gastrulation to Adult Body Structures: Organogenesis
  385. 50.4: Embryonic Development of Humans and Other Mammals
  386. 50.5: The Cellular Basis of Development
  387. Review Key Concepts
  388. Test Your Knowledge
  389. Ch 51: Ecology and the Biosphere
  390. 51.1: The Science of Ecology
  391. 51.2: Environmental Diversity of the Biosphere
  392. 51.3: Organismal Responses to Environmental Variation and Climate Change
  393. 51.4: Terrestrial Biomes
  394. 51.5: Freshwater Environments
  395. 51.6: Marine Environments
  396. Review Key Concepts
  397. Test Your Knowledge
  398. Ch 52: Population Ecology
  399. 52.1: Population Characteristics
  400. 52.2: Demography
  401. 52.3: The Evolution of Life Histories
  402. 52.4: Models of Population Growth
  403. 52.5: Population Dynamics
  404. 52.6: Human Population Growth
  405. Review Key Concepts
  406. Test Your Knowledge
  407. Ch 53: Population Interactions and Community Ecology
  408. 53.1: Population Interactions
  409. 53.2: The Nature of Ecological Communities
  410. 53.3: Community Characteristics
  411. 53.4: Effects of Population Interactions of Community Characteristics
  412. 53.5: Effects of Disturbance on Community Characteristics
  413. 53.6: Ecological Succession: Responses to Disturbance
  414. 53.7: Variations in Species Richness among Communities
  415. Review Key Concepts
  416. Test Your Knowledge
  417. Ch 54: Ecosystems and Global Change
  418. 54.1: Modeling Ecosystem Processes
  419. 54.2: Energy Flow and Ecosystem Energetics
  420. 54.3: Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
  421. 54.4: Human Activities and Anthropogenic Global Change
  422. Review Key Concepts
  423. Test Your Knowledge
  424. Ch 55: Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
  425. 55.1: The Biodiversity Crisis on Land, in the Sea, and in River Systems
  426. 55.2: Specific Threats to Biodiversity
  427. 55.3: Ecosystem Services That Biodiversity Provides
  428. 55.4: Which Species and Ecosystems are Most Threatened by Human Activities?
  429. 55.5: Conservation Biology: Principles and Theory
  430. 55.6: Conservation Biology: Practical Strategies and Economic Tools
  431. Review Key Concepts
  432. Test Your Knowledge
  433. Ch 56: Animal Behavior
  434. 56.1: Instinctive and Learned Behaviors
  435. 56.2: Neurophysiological and Endocrine Control of Behavior
  436. 56.3: Migration and Wayfinding
  437. 56.4: Habitat Selection and Territoriality
  438. 56.5: The Evolution of Communication
  439. 56.6: The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior and Mating Systems
  440. 56.7: The Evolution of Social Behavior
  441. Review Key Concepts
  442. Test Your Knowledge
  443. Appendix A: Answers
  444. Appendix B: Classification System
  445. Glossary
  446. Index

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