Introduction to Psychology Version 3 0 3rd Stangor Solution Manual

Introduction to Psychology Version 3 0 3rd Stangor Solution Manual

Product details:

ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1453387234

ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1453387238

Author: Stangor

Introduction to Psychology is a concise and conceptual introduction to the fascinating subject of psychology. Featuring a central theme of action—predicting our own actions and those around us—this book grabs students’ attention and does not let go. A strong underlying secondary theme of empiricism unifies the narrative under the umbrella of psychology as a science. Its standard, fourteen-chapter organization (and a final chapter with answers to quiz questions) makes this textbook an ideal choice for either a typical semester- or quarter-long course.

Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology

1.1: Psychology as a Science

The Problem of Intuition

Why Psychologists Rely on Empirical Methods

Levels of Explanation in Psychology

The Challenges of Studying Psychology

1.2: The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions

Early Psychologists

Structuralism: Introspection and the Awareness of Subjective Experience

Functionalism and Evolutionary Psychology

Psychodynamic Psychology

Behaviorism and the Question of Free Will

The Cognitive Approach and Cognitive Neuroscience

Social-Cultural Psychology

The Many Disciplines of Psychology

1.3: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 2: Psychological Science

2.1: Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research

The Scientific Method

Laws and Theories as Organizing Principles

The Research Hypothesis

Conducting Ethical Research

Ensuring That Research Is Ethical

Research With Animals

2.2: Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand B

Descriptive Research: Assessing the Current State of Affairs

Correlational Research: Seeking Relationships Among Variables

Experimental Research: Understanding the Causes of Behavior

2.3: You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research

2.4: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 3: Brains, Bodies, and Behavior

3.1: The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System

Neurons Communicate Using Electricity and Chemicals

Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical Messengers

3.2: Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior

The Old Brain: Wired for Survival

The Cerebral Cortex Creates Consciousness and Thinking

Functions of the Cortex

The Brain Is Flexible: Neuroplasticity

3.3: Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods

Lesions Provide a Picture of What Is Missing

Recording Electrical Activity in the Brain

Peeking Inside the Brain: Neuroimaging

3.4: Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System

The Body’s Chemicals Help Control Behavior: The Endocrine System

3.5: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 4: Sensing and Perceiving

4.1: We Experience Our World Through Sensation

Sensory Thresholds: What Can We Experience?

Measuring Sensation

4.2: Seeing

The Sensing Eye and the Perceiving Visual Cortex

Perceiving Color

Perceiving Form

Perceiving Depth

Perceiving Motion

4.3: Hearing

The Ear

Hearing Loss

4.4: Tasting, Smelling, and Touching

Tasting

Smelling

Touching

Experiencing Pain

4.5: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception

How the Perceptual System Interprets the Environment

Illusions

The Important Role of Expectations in Perception

4.6: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 5: Consciousness, Body Rhythms, and Mental States

5.1: Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action

Sleep Stages: Moving Through the Night

Sleep Disorders: Problems in Sleeping

The Heavy Costs of Not Sleeping

Dreams and Dreaming

5.2: Altering Consciousness With Psychoactive Drugs

Speeding Up the Brain With Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines

Slowing Down the Brain With Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines, and Toxic Inhala

Opioids: Opium, Morphine, Heroin, and Codeine

Hallucinogens: Cannabis, Mescaline, and LSD

Why We Use Psychoactive Drugs

5.3: Altering Consciousness Without Drugs

Changing Behavior Through Suggestion: The Power of Hypnosis

Reducing Sensation to Alter Consciousness: Sensory Deprivation

Meditation

5.4: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 6: Growing and Developing Across the Lifespan

6.1: Conception and Prenatal Development

The Zygote

The Embryo

The Fetus

How the Environment Can Affect the Vulnerable Fetus

6.2: Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning

The Newborn Arrives with Many Behaviors Intact

Cognitive Development During Childhood

Social Development During Childhood

Knowing the Self: The Development of the Self-Concept

Successfully Relating to Others: Attachment

6.3: Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity

Physical Changes in Adolescence

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Social Development in Adolescence

Developing Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory

6.4: Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives

Physical and Cognitive Changes in Early and Middle Adulthood

Menopause

Social Changes in Early and Middle Adulthood

6.5: Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement

Cognitive Changes During Aging

Neurocognitive Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease

Social Changes During Aging: Retiring Effectively

Death, Dying, and Bereavement

6.6: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 7: Learning

7.1: Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning

Pavlov Demonstrates Conditioning in Dogs

The Persistence and Extinction of Conditioning

The Role of Nature in Classical Conditioning

7.2: Changing Behavior Through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning

How Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Behavior: The Research of Thorndike and Skinner

Creating Complex Behaviors Through Operant Conditioning

7.3: Learning by Insight and Observation

Observational Learning: Learning by Watching

7.4: Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behavior

Using Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Reinforcement in Social Dilemmas

7.5: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 8: Remembering and Judging

8.1: Memories as Types and Stages

Explicit Memory

Implicit Memory

Stages of Memory: Sensory, Short-Term, and Long-Term Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

8.2: How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory

Encoding and Storage: How Our Perceptions become Memories

Using the Contributions of Hermann Ebbinghaus to Improve Your Memory

Retrieval

The Structure of LTM: Categories, Prototypes, and Schemas

The Biology of Memory

8.3: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition

Source Monitoring: Did It Really Happen?

Schematic Processing: Distortions Based on Expectations

Misinformation Effects: How Information That Comes Later Can Distort Memory

Overconfidence

Heuristic Processing: Availability and Representativeness

Salience and Cognitive Accessibility

Counterfactual Thinking

8.4: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 9: Intelligence and Language

9.1: Defining and Measuring Intelligence

General (g) versus Specific (s) Intelligences

Measuring Intelligence: Standardization and the Intelligence Quotient

The Biology of Intelligence

Is Intelligence Nature or Nurture?

9.2: The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence

Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability and Giftedness

Extremely Low Intelligence

Extremely High Intelligence

Gender Differences in Intelligence

Racial Differences in Intelligence

9.3: Communicating with Others: The Development and Use of Language

The Components of Language

The Biology and Development of Language

Learning Language

How Children Learn Language: Theories of Language Acquisition

Bilingualism and Cognitive Development

Can Animals Learn Language?

Language and Perception

9.4: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

Chapter 10: Emotions and Motivation: Happiness, Stress, Health, Eating, and Sex

10.1: The Experience of Emotion

The Cannon-Bard and James-Lange Theories of Emotion

The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Communicating Emotion

10.2: Stress: The Unseen Killer

The Negative Effects of Stress

Stressors in Our Everyday Lives

Responses to Stress

Managing Stress

Emotion Regulation

10.3: Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness

Social Support: Finding Happiness Through Our Connections with Others

What Makes Us Happy?

10.4: Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating

Eating: Healthy Choices Make Healthy Lives

Eating Disorders

Obesity

Sex: The Most Important Human Behavior

The Experience of Sex

The Many Varieties of Sexual Behavior

10.5: Chapter Summary

Endnotes

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