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ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9780134514161
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0134514161
Author: Leland Holland (Author), Michael Adams (Author), Jeanine Brice (Author)

An interdisciplinary exploration of pharmacology. By its very nature, pharmacology is a challenging interdisciplinary subject that requires understanding concepts from a wide variety of the natural and applied sciences to predict drug action. For this reason, authors Holland, Adams, and Brice have organized Core Concepts in Pharmacology according to body systems and diseases, placing drugs in the context of their therapeutic use. This gives students easier access to the prerequisite anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology organized in the same chapter where the drugs are discussed. The Fifth Edition continues its prototype approach of introducing, in detail, the one or two most representative drugs in each class. It also maintains a strong emphasis on safe, effective nursing care with a new chapter on preventing medication errors, features new Drug Focus boxes to cover emerging drugs, and includes many more new and updated features.

Table of Content:

Unit 1 Basic Concepts in Pharmacology
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pharmacology: Drug Regulation and Approval
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 1.1 Pharmacology is an expansive and challenging topic.
Core Concept 1.2 For healthcare providers, the fields of pharmacology and therapeutics are connected.
Core Concept 1.3 Medicines are classified as traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives.
Core Concept 1.4 Medications are available by prescription or over the counter.
Core Concept 1.5 Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy.
Concept Review 1.1
Core Concept 1.6 Drug regulations were created to protect the public from drug misuse.
Core Concept 1.7 U.S. drug standards have become increasingly complex.
Core Concept 1.8 There are four stages of approval for therapeutic and biologic drugs.
Preclinical Investigation
Clinical Investigation
Clinical Phase Trials
Submission of a New Drug Application With Review
Postmarketing Studies
Core Concept 1.9 Governmental agencies face the dual challenge of increasing the speed of drug approval while still ensuring the safety of new drugs.
Concept Review 1.2
Core Concept 1.10 Healthcare providers must be prepared to deal with the threat of biological and chemical attacks.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
1.1 Pharmacology is an expansive and challenging topic.
1.2 For healthcare providers, the fields of pharmacology and therapeutics are connected.
1.3 Medicines may be classified as traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives.
1.4 Medications are available by prescription or over the counter.
1.5 Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy.
1.6 Drug regulations were created to protect the public from drug misuse.
1.7 U.S. drug standards have become increasingly complex.
1.8 There are four stages of approval for therapeutic and biologic drugs.
1.9 Governmental agencies face the dual challenge of increasing the speed of drug approval while still ensuring the safety of new drugs.
1.10 Healthcare providers must be prepared to deal with the threat of biological and chemical attack.
Review Questions
Selected Bibiography
Chapter 2 Drug Classes, Schedules, and Categories
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 2.1 Drugs may be organized by their therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications.
Concept Review 2.1
Core Concept 2.2 Drugs have more than one name.
Concept Review 2.2
Core Concept 2.3 The differences between trade name drugs and their generic equivalents include price, formulations, and, most importantly, bioavailability.
Core Concept 2.4 Drugs with a potential for misuse and abuse are categorized into schedules.
Core Concept 2.5 In order to assess fetal risks, all prescription drugs are classified according to safety in pregnancy categories.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
2.1 Drugs may be organized by their therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications.
2.2 Drugs have more than one name.
2.3 The differences between trade name drugs and their generic equivalents include price, formulations, and, most importantly, bioavailability.
2.4 Drugs with a potential for misuse and abuse are categorized into schedules.
2.5 In order to assess fetal risks, all prescription drugs are classified according to safety in pregnancy categories.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 3 Principles of Drug Administration
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 3.1 A major goal in pharmacotherapy is to limit the number and severity of drug adverse events.
Core Concept 3.2 The rights of drug administration form the basis of proper drug delivery.
Core Concept 3.3 Successful pharmacotherapy depends on patient compliance.
Core Concept 3.4 Healthcare providers may use accepted abbreviations to communicate the directions and times for drug administration.
Core Concept 3.5 Three systems of measurement are used in pharmacology: metric, apothecary, and household.
Core Concept 3.6 Certain protocols and techniques are common to all methods of drug administration.
Core Concept 3.7 Enteral drugs are given orally or via nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes.
Tablets and Capsules
Sublingual and Buccal Drug Administration
Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Drug Administration
Core Concept 3.8 Topical drugs are applied locally to the skin and associated membranes.
Transdermal Delivery System
Ophthalmic Administration
Otic Administration
Nasal Administration
Vaginal Administration
Rectal Administration
Core Concept 3.9 Parenteral administration refers to dispensing medications by routes other than oral or topical.
Intradermal and Subcutaneous Administration
Intramuscular Administration
Intravenous Administration
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
3.1 A major goal in pharmacotherapy is to limit the number and severity of drug adverse events.
3.2 The rights of drug administration form the basis of proper drug delivery.
3.3 Successful pharmacotherapy depends on patient compliance.
3.4 Healthcare providers may use accepted abbreviations to communicate the directions and times for drug administration.
3.5 Three systems of measurement are used in pharmacology: metric, apothecary, and household.
3.6 Certain protocols and techniques are common to all methods of drug administration.
3.7 Enteral drugs are given orally or via nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes.
3.8 Topical drugs are applied locally to the skin and associated membranes.
3.9 Parenteral administration refers to dispensing medications by routes other than oral or topical.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 4 What Happens After a Drug Has Been Administered
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 4.1 Pharmacokinetics focuses on what the body does to the drugs.
Core Concept 4.2 Absorption is the first step in drug transport.
Core Concept 4.3 Distribution refers to how drugs are transported throughout the body.
Core Concept 4.4 Metabolism is a process whereby drugs are made less or more active.
Core Concept 4.5 Excretion processes remove drugs from the body.
Concept Review 4.1
Core Concept 4.6 The rate of elimination and half-life characteristics influence drug responsiveness.
Concept Review 4.2
Core Concept 4.7 Pharmacodynamics focuses on what the drugs do to the body.
Core Concept 4.8 Drugs activate specific receptors to produce a response.
Core Concept 4.9 Potency and efficacy are terms often used to describe the ability of drug therapy to reduce or resolve symptoms.
Concept Review 4.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
4.1 Pharmacokinetics focuses on what the body does to the drugs.
4.2 Absorption is the first step in drug transport.
4.3 Distribution refers to how drugs are transported throughout the body.
4.4 Metabolism is a process whereby drugs are made less or more active.
4.5 Excretion processes remove drugs from the body.
4.6 The rate of elimination and half-life characteristics influence drug responsiveness.
4.7 Pharmacodynamics focuses on what the drugs do to the body.
4.8 Drugs activate specific receptors to produce a response.
4.9 Potency and efficacy are terms often used to describe the ability of drug therapy to reduce or resolve symptoms.
Review Questions
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 5 The Nursing Process in Pharmacology
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 5.1 The first step of the nursing process is the assessment phase.
Concept Review 5.1
Core Concept 5.2 Nursing diagnoses are based on the data gathered in the assessment phase.
Core Concept 5.3 In the planning phase, the nurse creates an individualized plan of care for a patient based on the identified nursing diagnoses and etiologies.
Core Concept 5.4 The implementation phase puts the plan of care into action.
Core Concept 5.5 In the evaluation phase, the nurse obtains data to determine if the goal or outcome has been achieved.
Concept Review 5.2
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
5.1 The first step of the nursing process is the assessment phase.
5.2 Nursing diagnoses are based on the data gathered in the assessment phase.
5.3 In the planning phase, the nurse creates an individualized plan of care for a patient based on the identified nursing diagnoses and etiologies.
5.4 The implementation phase puts the plan of care into action.
5.5 In the evaluation phase, the nurse obtains data to determine if the goal or outcome has been achieved.
Review Questions
References
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Preventing Medication Errors
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 6.1 Medication errors are preventable events that may significantly impact treatment outcomes.
Core Concept 6.2 Both healthcare providers and patients can contribute to medication errors.
Core Concept 6.3 Medication errors may affect patient health and should be documented.
Core Concept 6.4 Healthcare providers use multiple strategies for reducing medication errors.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
6.1 Medication errors are preventable events that may significantly impact treatment outcomes
6.2 Both healthcare providers and patients can contribute to medication errors.
6.3 Medication errors may affect patient health and should be documented.
6.4 Healthcare providers use multiple strategies for reducing medication errors.
Review Questions
Reference
Bibliography
Chapter 7 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacology
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 7.1 Complementary and alternative medicine focuses on treating the whole person using natural products and mind–body therapies.
Concept Review 7.1
Herbal Products
Core Concept 7.2 Herbal products have been used as medicines for thousands of years.
Core Concept 7.3 Many herbal products are standardized with respect to a specific active ingredient.
Core Concept 7.4 Herbs can have significant pharmacologic actions and may interact with conventional drugs.
Specialty Supplements
Core Concept 7.5 Specialty supplements are nonherbal products that are widely used to promote wellness.
Concept Review 7.2
Core Concept 7.6 Dietary supplements are not regulated in the same manner as prescription medications.
Concept Review 7.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
7.1 Complementary and alternative medicine focuses on treating the whole person using natural products and mind–body therapies.
7.2 Herbal products have been used as medicines for thousands of years.
7.3 Many herbal products are standardized with respect to a specific active ingredient.
7.4 Herbs can have significant pharmacologic actions and may interact with conventional drugs.
7.5 Specialty supplements are nonherbal products that are widely used to promote wellness.
7.6 Dietary supplements are not regulated in the same manner as prescription medications.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 8 Substance Abuse
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 8.1 Abused and misused substances belong to many different chemical classes.
Core Concept 8.2 Addiction depends on multiple, complex, and interacting variables.
Core Concept 8.3 Substance dependence is classified as physical dependence or psychological dependence.
Core Concept 8.4 Withdrawal results when an abused substance is no longer available.
Core Concept 8.5 Tolerance occurs when higher and higher doses of a drug are needed to achieve the initial response.
Concept Review 8.1
Core Concept 8.6 Central nervous system (cns) depressants decrease the activity of the central nervous system.
Sedatives and Sedative-Hypnotics
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
Ethyl Alcohol
Concept Review 8.2
Core Concept 8.7 Marijuana produces little physical dependence or tolerance
Concept Review 8.3
Core Concept 8.8 Hallucinogens cause an altered state of thought and perception similar to that found in dreams.
Concept Review 8.4
Core Concept 8.9 Cns stimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system.
Concept Review 8.5
Core Concept 8.10 Nicotine is powerful and highly addictive.
Core Concept 8.11 Healthcare providers strive to remain free from impairment due to alcohol and drug addiction.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
8.1 Abused and misused substances belong to many different chemical classes.
8.2 Addiction depends on multiple, complex, and interacting variables.
8.3 Substance dependence is classified as physical dependence or psychological dependence.
8.4 Withdrawal results when an abused substance is no longer available.
8.5 Tolerance occurs when higher and higher doses of a drug are needed to achieve the initial response.
8.6 Central nervous system (CNS) depressants decrease the activity of the central nervous system.
8.7 Marijuana produces little physical dependence or tolerance.
8.8 Hallucinogens cause an altered state of thought and perception similar to that found in dreams.
8.9 CNS stimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system.
8.10 Nicotine is powerful and highly addictive.
8.11 Healthcare providers strive to remain free from impairment due to alcohol and drug addiction.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 2 The Nervous System
Chapter 9 Drugs Affecting Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 9.1 The nervous system has two major divisions: central and peripheral.
Core Concept 9.2 The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
Concept Review 9.1
Core Concept 9.3 Synapses are common junction sites of drug action.
Core Concept 9.4 Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are the two primary neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.
Core Concept 9.5 Autonomic drugs are classified according to the receptors that they stimulate or block.
Core Concept 9.6 Cholinergic drugs have few therapeutic uses because of their numerous adverse effects.
Core Concept 9.7 Cholinergic blockers are most commonly used to dry secretions and to treat asthma.
Core Concept 9.8 Adrenergic drugs are primarily used for their effects on the heart, bronchial tree, and nasal passages.
Concept Review 9.2
Core Concept 9.9 Adrenergic blockers are primarily used to treat hypertension, bronchial constriction, and nasal congestion.
Concept Review 9.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
9.1 The nervous system has two major divisions: central and peripheral.
9.2 The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
9.3 Synapses are common junction sites of drug action.
9.4 Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are the two primary neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.
9.5 Autonomic drugs are classified according to the receptors that they stimulate or block.
9.6 Cholinergic drugs have few therapeutic uses because of their numerous adverse effects.
9.7 Cholinergic blockers are most commonly used to dry secretions and to treat asthma.
9.8 Adrenergic drugs are primarily used for their effects on the heart, bronchial tree, and nasal passages.
9.9 Adrenergic blockers are primarily used to treat hypertension, bronchial constriction, and nasal congestion.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 10 Drugs for Anxiety and Insomnia
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Anxiety
Core Concept 10.1 Anxiety disorders fall into many categories, including generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and anxiety due to fearful, recurrent, and traumatic life events.
Core Concept 10.2 Regions of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brain stem are responsible for anxiety and wakefulness.
Core Concept 10.3 Anxiety is managed with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies.
Concept Review 10.1
Insomnia
Core Concept 10.4 An inability to sleep is linked with anxiety.
Concept Review 10.2
Core Concept 10.5 Anxiety and insomnia are treated with many types of central nervous system (cns) drugs.
Concept Review 10.3
Core Concept 10.6 When taken properly, antidepressants reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety.
Core Concept 10.7 Benzodiazepines are useful for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.
Core Concept 10.8 Barbiturates depress cns function and cause drowsiness.
Concept Review 10.4
Core Concept 10.9 Additional drugs provide therapy for anxiety-related symptoms and sleep disorders.
Concept Review 10.5
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
10.1 Anxiety disorders fall into many categories, including generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and anxiety due to fearful, recurrent, and traumatic life events.
10.2 Regions of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brain stem are responsible for anxiety and wakefulness.
10.3 Anxiety is managed with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies.
10.4 An inability to sleep is linked with anxiety.
10.5 Anxiety and insomnia are treated with many types of central nervous system (CNS) drugs.
10.6 When taken properly, antidepressants reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety.
10.7 Benzodiazepines are useful for the short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia.
10.8 Barbiturates depress CNS function and cause drowsiness.
10.9 Additional Drugs Provide Therapy for Anxiety-Related Symptoms and Sleep Disorders.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 11 Drugs for Emotional, Mood, and Behavioral Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Depression
Core Concept 11.1 People suffer from depression for many reasons.
Core Concept 11.2 For best results, treatment of severe depression requires both medication and psychotherapy.
Core Concept 11.3 Antidepressants enhance mood by boosting the actions of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Concept Review 11.1
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Atypical Antidepressants
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Concept Review 11.2
Bipolar Disorder
Core Concept 11.4 Patients with bipolar disorder may experience emotions ranging from depression to extreme agitation.
Concept Review 11.3
Core Concept 11.5 Mood stabilization in patients with bipolar disorder is accomplished with lithium and other drugs.
Concept Review 11.4
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
Core Concept 11.6 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder presents challenges for children and adults.
Core Concept 11.7 Central nervous system stimulants have been the main course of treatment for adhd.
CNS Stimulants
Non-CNS Stimulants
Concept Review 11.5
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
11.1 People suffer from depression for many reasons.
11.2 For best results, treatment of severe depression requires both medication and psychotherapy.
11.3 Antidepressants enhance mood by boosting the actions of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
11.4 Patients with bipolar disorder may experience emotions ranging from depression to extreme agitation.
11.5 Mood stabilization in patients with bipolar disorder is accomplished with lithium and other drugs.
11.6 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder presents challenges for children and adults.
11.7 Central nervous system stimulants have been the main course of treatment for ADHD.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 12 Drugs for Psychoses
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 12.1 Most psychoses have no identifiable cause and require long-term drug therapy.
Schizophrenia
Core Concept 12.2 Patients with schizophrenia experience many different symptoms that may change over time.
Concept Review 12.1
Concept Review 12.2
Core Concept 12.3 The experience and skills of the healthcare provider are critical to the successful pharmacologic management of psychoses.
Conventional (First-Generation) Antipsychotics
Core Concept 12.4 Conventional antipsychotic drugs include the phenothiazines, phenothiazine-like drugs, and nonphenothiazines.
Phenothiazines and Phenothiazine-Like Drugs
Nonphenothiazine Drugs
Atypical (Second-Generation) Antipsychotics
Core Concept 12.5 Atypical antipsychotic drugs address the needs of patients with psychoses.
Dopamine System Stabilizers (Third-Generation Antipsychotics)
Concept Review 12.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
12.1 Most psychoses have no identifiable cause and require long-term drug therapy.
12.2 Patients with schizophrenia experience many different symptoms that may change over time.
12.3 The experience and skills of the healthcare provider are critical to the successful pharmacologic management of psychoses.
12.4 Conventional antipsychotic drugs include the phenothiazines, phenothiazine-like drugs, and nonphenothiazines.
12.5 Atypical antipsychotic drugs address the needs of patients with psychoses.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 13 Drugs for Degenerative Diseases and Muscles
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 13.1 Medications are unable to cure most degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (cns).
Parkinson Disease
Core Concept 13.2 Parkinson disease is progressive, with the occurrence of full symptoms taking many years.
Concept Review 13.1
Core Concept 13.3 Antiparkinson drugs act on the brain to restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine.
Dopaminergic Drugs
Cholinergic Blockers (Anticholinergics)
Concept Review 13.2
Alzheimer Disease
Core Concept 13.4 Patients with Alzheimer disease experience a dramatic loss of ability to perform tasks that require acetylcholine as the cns neurotransmitter.
Core Concept 13.5 Alzheimer disease is treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and other drugs.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Other Drugs That Slow the Progression of AD
Drugs That Treat Behavioral Symptoms of AD
Concept Review 13.3
Multiple Sclerosis
Core Concept 13.6 Symptoms of multiple sclerosis result from demyelination of cns nerve fibers.
Core Concept 13.7 Drugs for multiple sclerosis reduce immune attacks in the brain and treat unfavorable symptoms.
Muscle Spasms
Core Concept 13.8 Muscle spasms are caused by injury, overmedication, hypocalcemia, and debilitating neurologic disorders.
Core Concept 13.9 Muscle spasms may be treated with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies.
Concept Review 13.4
Core Concept 13.10 Many muscle relaxants treat muscle spasms by inhibiting upper motor neuron activity, causing sedation, or altering simple reflexes.
Spasticity
Core Concept 13.11 Effective treatment for spasticity includes both physical therapy and medications.
Core Concept 13.12 Some drugs for spasticity provide relief by acting directly on muscle tissue, interfering with the release of calcium ions.
Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
Core Concept 13.13 Neuromuscular blocking drugs block the effect of acetylcholine at the receptor.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
13.1 Medications are unable to cure most degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).
13.2 Parkinson disease is progressive, with the occurrence of full symptoms taking many years.
13.3 Antiparkinson drugs act on the brain to restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine.
13.4 Patients with Alzheimer disease experience a dramatic loss of ability to perform tasks that require acetylcholine as the CNS neurotransmitter.
13.5 Alzheimer disease is treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and other drugs.
13.6 Symptoms of multiple sclerosis result from demyelination of CNS nerve fibers.
13.7 Drugs for multiple sclerosis reduce immune attacks in the brain and treat unfavorable symptoms.
13.8 Muscle spasms are caused by injury, overmedication, hypocalcemia, and debilitating neurologic disorders.
13.9 Muscle spasms may be treated with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies.
13.10 Many muscle relaxants treat muscle spasms by inhibiting upper motor neuron activity, causing sedation, or altering simple reflexes.
13.11 Effective treatment for spasticity includes both physical therapy and medications.
13.12 Some drugs for spasticity provide relief by acting directly on muscle tissue, interfering with the release of calcium ions.
13.13 Neuromuscular blocking drugs block the effect of acetylcholine at the receptor.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 14 Drugs for Seizures
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Seizures
Core Concept 14.1 Although some types of seizures involve convulsions, others do not.
Core Concept 14.2 Many causes of seizure activity are known; a few are not.
Core Concept 14.3 Epileptic seizures are typically identified as partial, generalized, or special epileptic syndromes.
Partial Seizures
Generalized Seizures
Special Epileptic Syndromes
Concept Review 14.1
Core Concept 14.4 Effective seizure management involves strict compliance with safe drug therapy practices.
Concept Review 14.2
Core Concept 14.5 Antiseizure pharmacotherapy is directed at controlling the movement of electrolytes across neuronal membranes or affecting neurotransmitter balance.
Core Concept 14.6 By increasing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) in the brain, some drugs reduce a wide range of seizure types.
Core Concept 14.7 Hydantoin and related drugs are generally effective in treating partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures.
Core Concept 14.8 Succinimides generally treat absence seizures.
Concept Review 14.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
14.1 Although some types of seizures involve convulsions, others do not.
14.2 Many causes of seizure activity are known; a few are not.
14.3 Epileptic seizures are typically identified as partial, generalized, or special epileptic syndromes.
14.4 Effective seizure management involves strict compliance with safe drug therapy practices.
14.5 Antiseizure pharmacotherapy is directed at controlling the movement of electrolytes across neuronal membranes or affecting neurotransmitter balance.
14.6 By increasing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, some drugs reduce a wide range of seizure types.
14.7 Hydantoin and related drugs are generally effective in treating partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures.
14.8 Succinimides generally treat absence seizures.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 15 Drugs for Pain Management
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Acute or Chronic Pain
Core Concept 15.1 Pain assessment is the first step to pain management.
Concept Review 15.1
Core Concept 15.2 Pain transmission processes allow several major targets for pharmacologic intervention.
Concept Review 15.2
Core Concept 15.3 Nonpharmacologic techniques and adjuvant analgesics assist in providing adequate pain relief.
Core Concept 15.4 Opioid analgesic medications exert their effects by interacting with specific receptors.
Concept Review 15.3
Opioid Analgesics for Severe Pain
Core Concept 15.5 Opioids have multiple therapeutic effects, including relief of severe pain.
Opioid Agonists
Opioid Antagonists
Opioids with Mixed Agonist–Antagonist Effects
Nonopioid Analgesics for Moderate Pain
Core Concept 15.6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are the preferred nonopioid analgesics for inflammation and less severe pain.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Centrally Acting Drugs
Concept Review 15.4
Tension Headaches and Migraines
Antimigraine and Tension Headache Drugs
Core Concept 15.7 Migraines can be effectively treated with a variety of drug classes.
Triptans
Ergot Alkaloids
Other Antimigraine and Tension Headache Drugs
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
15.1 Pain assessment is the first step to pain management.
15.2 Pain transmission processes allow several major targets for pharmacologic intervention.
15.3 Nonpharmacologic techniques and adjuvant analgesics assist in providing adequate pain relief.
15.4 Opioid analgesic medications exert their effects by interacting with specific receptors.
15.5 Opioids have multiple therapeutic effects, including relief of severe pain.
15.6 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the preferred nonopioid analgesics for inflammation and less severe pain.
15.7 Migraines can be effectively treated with a variety of drug classes.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 16 Drugs for Anesthesia
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Local Anesthesia
Core Concept 16.1 Local anesthesia causes a rapid loss of sensation to a limited part of the body.
Concept Review 16.1
Core Concept 16.2 Local anesthetics produce their therapeutic effect by blocking the entry of sodium ions into neurons.
Core Concept 16.3 Local anesthetics are classified by their chemical structures.
Esters
Amides
Concept Review 16.2
General Anesthesia
Core Concept 16.4 General anesthesia induces rapid loss of consciousness, accompanied by loss of sensation occurring throughout the entire body.
Core Concept 16.5 General anesthetics are usually administered by the IV or inhalation routes.
Intravenous Anesthetics
Concept Review 16.3
Inhaled Anesthetics
Nitrous oxide
Volatile liquids
Adjuncts to Anesthesia
Core Concept 16.6 Adjunctive medications complement the goals of general anesthesia.
Neuromuscular Blockers
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
16.1 Local anesthesia causes a rapid loss of sensation to a limited part of the body.
16.2 Local anesthetics produce their therapeutic effect by blocking the entry of sodium ions into neurons.
16.3 Local anesthetics are classified by their chemical structures.
16.4 General anesthesia induces rapid loss of consciousness, accompanied by loss of sensation occurring throughout the entire body.
16.5 General anesthetics are usually administered by the IV or inhalation routes.
16.6 Adjunctive medications complement the goals of general anesthesia.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 3 The Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems
Chapter 17 Drugs for Lipid Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 17.1 Lipids serve essential roles in the body, but too much dietary fat can lead to disease.
Core Concept 17.2 Lipoproteins transport lipids through the blood for utilization by tissues, storage in adipose tissue, or excretion by the liver.
Core Concept 17.3 Elevated lipid levels can often be prevented or controlled through therapeutic lifestyle changes.
Concept Review 17.1
Core Concept 17.4 Statins are preferred drugs for reducing blood lipid levels.
Core Concept 17.5 Bile acid binding drugs can reduce LDL levels by increasing cholesterol excretion.
Core Concept 17.6 Niacin can reduce triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels.
Concept Review 17.2
Core Concept 17.7 Fibric acid drugs lower triglyceride levels, but have little effect on LDLs.
Core Concept 17.8 Several miscellaneous drugs and drug combinations are available to treat dyslipidemias.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
17.1 Lipids serve essential roles in the body, but too much dietary fat can lead to disease
17.2 Lipoproteins transport lipids through the blood for utilization by tissues, storage in adipose tissue, or excretion by the liver.
17.3 Elevated lipid levels can often be prevented or controlled through therapeutic lifestyle changes.
17.4 Statins are preferred drugs for reducing blood lipid levels.
17.5 Bile acid binding drugs can reduce LDL levels by increasing cholesterol excretion.
17.6 Niacin can reduce triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels.
17.7 Fibric acid drugs lower triglyceride levels, but have little effect on LDLs.
17.8 Several miscellaneous drugs and drug combinations are available to treat dyslipidemias.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 18 Drugs for Electrolyte and Acid–Base Imbalances
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 18.1 The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, acids, and bases.
Core Concept 18.2 The composition of filtrate changes dramatically as a result of the processes of reabsorption and secretion.
Concept Review 18.1
Core Concept 18.3 Renal failure significantly impacts pharmacotherapy.
Core Concept 18.4 Diuretics are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and fluid retention disorders.
Core Concept 18.5 The most effective diuretics are those that affect the loop of Henle.
Concept Review 18.2
Core Concept 18.6 The thiazides are the most widely prescribed class of diuretics.
Core Concept 18.7 Although less effective than the loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics may help prevent hypokalemia.
Core Concept 18.8 Several less commonly prescribed diuretics have specific indications.
Core Concept 18.9 Electrolytes are charged substances that play important roles in maintaining homeostasis.
Sodium Imbalances
Potassium Imbalances
Core Concept 18.10 Acidic and basic drugs can be administered to correct pH imbalances.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
18.1 The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, acids, and bases.
18.2 The composition of filtrate changes dramatically as a result of the processes of reabsorption and secretion.
18.3 Renal failure significantly impacts pharmacotherapy.
18.4 Diuretics are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and fluid retention disorders.
18.5 The most effective diuretics are those that affect the loop of Henle.
18.6 The thiazides are the most widely prescribed class of diuretics.
18.7 Although less effective than the loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics may help prevent hypokalemia.
18.8 Several less commonly prescribed diuretics have specific indications.
18.9 Electrolytes are charged substances that play important roles in maintaining homeostasis.
18.10 Acidic and basic drugs can be administered to correct pH imbalances.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 19 Drugs for Hypertension
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 19.1 Failure to treat chronic hypertension can lead to stroke, heart failure, or myocardial infarction.
Core Concept 19.2 Blood pressure is caused by the pumping action of the heart.
Core Concept 19.3 The primary factors responsible for blood pressure are cardiac output, the resistance of the small arteries, and blood volume.
Core Concept 19.4 Many nervous and hormonal factors help to keep blood pressure within normal limits.
Concept Review 19.1
Core Concept 19.5 Positive lifestyle changes can reduce blood pressure and lessen the need for medications.
Core Concept 19.6 The goal in treating hypertension is to reduce the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
Core Concept 19.7 Diuretics are sometimes preferred drugs for treating mild to moderate hypertension.
Concept Review 19.2
Core Concept 19.8 Blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
Core Concept 19.9 Calcium channel blockers have emerged as important drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
Core Concept 19.10 Adrenergic blockers are used to treat a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension.
Concept Review 19.3
Core Concept 19.11 Vasodilators lower blood pressure by relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
19.1 Failure to treat chronic hypertension can lead to stroke, heart failure, or myocardial infarction.
19.2 Blood pressure is caused by the pumping action of the heart.
19.3 The primary factors responsible for blood pressure are cardiac output, the resistance of the small arteries, and blood volume.
19.4 Many nervous and hormonal factors help to keep blood pressure within normal limits.
19.5 Positive lifestyle changes can reduce blood pressure and lessen the need for medications.
19.6 The goal in treating hypertension is to reduce the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
19.7 Diuretics are sometimes preferred drugs for treating mild to moderate hypertension.
19.8 Blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
19.9 Calcium channel blockers have emerged as important drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
19.10 Adrenergic blockers are used to treat a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension.
19.11 Vasodilators lower blood pressure by relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 20 Drugs for Heart Failure
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 20.1 Heart failure is closely associated with disorders such as chronic hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes.
Core Concept 20.2 The central cause of heart failure is weakened heart muscle.
Core Concept 20.3 The three primary characteristics of heart function are force of contraction, heart rate, and speed of impulse conduction.
Core Concept 20.4 The specific therapy for heart failure depends on the severity of the disease.
Core Concept 20.5 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the preferred drugs for heart failure.
Core Concept 20.6 Diuretics relieve symptoms of heart failure by reducing fluid overload and decreasing blood pressure.
Core Concept 20.7 Cardiac glycosides increase the force of myocardial contraction and were once the preferred drugs for heart failure.
Concept Review 20.1
Core Concept 20.8 Beta-adrenergic blockers are used in combination with other drugs to slow the progression of heart failure.
Core Concept 20.9 Vasodilators reduce symptoms of heart failure by decreasing cardiac workload.
Concept Review 20.2
Core Concept 20.10 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used for short-term therapy of advanced heart failure.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
20.1 Heart failure is closely associated with disorders such as chronic hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes.
20.2 The central cause of heart failure is weakened heart muscle.
20.3 The three primary characteristics of heart function are force of contraction, heart rate, and speed of impulse conduction.
20.4 The specific therapy for heart failure depends on the severity of the disease.
20.5 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the preferred drugs for heart failure.
20.6 Diuretics relieve symptoms of heart failure by reducing fluid overload and decreasing blood pressure.
20.7 Cardiac glycosides increase the force of myocardial contraction and were once the preferred drugs for heart failure.
20.8 Beta-adrenergic blockers are used in combination with other drugs to slow the progression of heart failure.
20.9 Vasodilators reduce symptoms of heart failure by decreasing cardiac workload.
20.10 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used for short-term therapy of advanced heart failure.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 21 Drugs for Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 21.1 Coronary artery disease can lead to serious cardiac impairment.
Angina Pectoris
Core Concept 21.2 Angina pectoris is characterized by severe chest pain caused by lack of sufficient oxygen flow to cardiac muscle.
Core Concept 21.3 Angina pain can often be controlled through positive lifestyle changes and surgical procedures.
Concept Review 21.1
Core Concept 21.4 The pharmacologic management of angina is achieved by reducing cardiac workload.
Core Concept 21.5 The organic nitrates relieve angina pain by dilating veins and the coronary arteries.
Core Concept 21.6 Beta-adrenergic blockers are sometimes the preferred drugs for reducing the frequency of angina attacks.
Core Concept 21.7 Calcium channel blockers relieve angina pain by reducing the cardiac workload.
Myocardial Infarction
Core Concept 21.8 The early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction increases chances of survival.
Core Concept 21.9 Thrombolytics dissolve clots blocking the coronary arteries.
Core Concept 21.10 Drugs are used to treat the symptoms and complications of acute myocardial infarction.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Pain Management
Concept Review 21.3
Stroke
Core Concept 21.11 Aggressive treatment of stroke can increase survival.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
21.1 Coronary artery disease can lead to serious cardiac impairment.
21.2 Angina pectoris is characterized by severe chest pain caused by lack of sufficient oxygen flow to cardiac muscle.
21.3 Angina pain can often be controlled through positive lifestyle changes and surgical procedures.
21.4 The pharmacologic management of angina is achieved by reducing cardiac workload.
21.5 The organic nitrates relieve angina pain by dilating veins and the coronary arteries.
21.6 Beta-adrenergic blockers are sometimes preferred drugs for reducing the frequency of angina attacks.
21.7 Calcium channel blockers relieve angina pain by reducing the cardiac workload.
21.8 The early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction increases chances of survival.
21.9 Thrombolytics dissolve clots blocking the coronary arteries.
21.10 Drugs are used to treat the symptoms and complications of acute myocardial infarction.
21.11 Aggressive treatment of stroke can increase survival.
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 22 Drugs for Shock and Anaphylaxis
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Shock
Core Concept 22.1 Shock is a syndrome characterized by the collapse of the circulatory system.
Core Concept 22.2 The initial treatment of shock includes basic life support and identification of the underlying cause.
Concept Review 22.1
Core Concept 22.3 Intravenous fluid replacement drugs are given to replace fluids lost during shock.
Blood Products
Colloids
Crystalloids
Core Concept 22.4 Vasoconstrictors are administered during shock to maintain blood pressure.
Core Concept 22.5 Inotropic drugs are useful in reversing the decreased cardiac output that occurs during shock.
Anaphylaxis
Core Concept 22.6 Anaphylaxis is a type of shock caused by a hyper-response of body defense mechanisms.
Concept Review 22.2
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
22.1 Shock is a syndrome characterized by the collapse of the circulatory system.
22.2 The initial treatment of shock includes basic life support and identification of the underlying cause.
22.3 Intravenous fluid replacement drugs are given to replace fluids lost during shock.
22.4 Vasoconstrictors are administered during shock to maintain blood pressure.
22.5 Inotropic drugs are useful in reversing the decreased cardiac output that occurs during shock.
22.6 Anaphylaxis is a type of shock caused by a hyper-response of body defense mechanisms.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 23 Drugs for Dysrhythmias
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 23.1 Some types of dysrhythmias produce no patient symptoms, whereas others may be life threatening.
Core Concept 23.2 Dysrhythmias are classified by the type of rhythm abnormality produced and its location.
Core Concept 23.3 The electrical conduction pathway in the myocardium keeps the heart beating in a synchronized manner.
Concept Review 23.1
Core Concept 23.4 Most antidysrhythmic drugs act by blocking ion channels in myocardial cells.
Core Concept 23.5 Antidysrhythmic drugs are classified by their mechanisms of action.
Core Concept 23.6 Sodium channel blockers slow the rate of impulse conduction through the heart.
Concept Review 23.2
Core Concept 23.7 Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce automaticity and slow conduction velocity in the heart.
Concept Review 23.3
Core Concept 23.8 Potassium channel blockers prolong the refractory period of the heart.
Core Concept 23.9 Calcium channel blockers are available to treat supraventricular dysrhythmias.
Concept Review 23.4
Core Concept 23.10 Digoxin and adenosine are used for specific dysrhythmias but do not act by blocking ion channels.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
23.1 Some types of dysrhythmias produce no patient symptoms, whereas others may be life threatening.
23.2 Dysrhythmias are classified by the type of rhythm abnormality produced and its location.
23.3 The electrical conduction pathway in the myocardium keeps the heart beating in a synchronized manner.
23.4 Most antidysrhythmic drugs act by blocking ion channels in myocardial cells.
23.5 Antidysrhythmic drugs are classified by their mechanisms of action.
23.6 Sodium channel blockers slow the rate of impulse conduction through the heart.
23.7 Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce automaticity and slow conduction velocity in the heart.
23.8 Potassium channel blockers prolong the refractory period of the heart.
23.9 Calcium channel blockers are available to treat supraventricular dysrhythmias.
23.10 Digoxin and adenosine are used for specific dysrhythmias but do not act by blocking ion channels.
Review Questions
ReferenceS
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 24 Drugs for Coagulation and Hematologic Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 24.1 Hemostasis is a complex process involving multiple steps and many clotting factors.
Core Concept 24.2 Removing a blood clot is essential to restoring normal circulation.
Core Concept 24.3 Drugs are used to modify the coagulation process.
Concept Review 24.1
Core Concept 24.4 Anticoagulants prevent the formation and enlargement of clots.
Parenteral Anticoagulants
Oral Anticoagulants
Core Concept 24.5 Antiplatelet drugs prolong bleeding time by interfering with platelet aggregation.
Core Concept 24.6 Thrombolytics are used to dissolve existing clots.
Concept Review 24.2
Core Concept 24.7 Hemostatics are used to promote the formation of clots.
Core Concept 24.8 Hematopoietic growth factors are administered to boost blood cell production.
Red Blood Cell Enhancers
White Blood Cell Enhancers
Platelet Enhancers
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
24.1 Hemostasis is a complex process involving multiple steps and many clotting factors.
24.2 Removing a blood clot is essential to restoring normal circulation.
24.3 Drugs are used to modify the coagulation process.
24.4 Anticoagulants prevent the formation and enlargement of clots.
24.5 Antiplatelet drugs prolong bleeding time by interfering with platelet aggregation.
24.6 Thrombolytics are used to dissolve existing clots.
24.7 Hemostatics are used to promote the formation of clots.
24.8 Hematopoietic growth factors are administered to boost blood cell production.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 4 The Immune System
Chapter 25 Drugs for Inflammation and Fever
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Inflammation
Core Concept 25.1 Inflammation is a body defense that limits the spread of invading microorganisms and injury.
Core Concept 25.2 The body reacts to injury by releasing chemical mediators that cause inflammation.
Core Concept 25.3 Inflammation may be treated with nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies.
Core Concept 25.4 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the primary drugs for the treatment of mild inflammation.
Core Concept 25.5 Corticosteroids are effective in treating severe inflammation.
Fever
Core Concept 25.6 Antipyretics are drugs used to reduce fever.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
25.1 Inflammation is a body defense that limits the spread of invading microorganisms and injury.
25.2 The body reacts to injury by releasing chemical mediators that cause inflammation.
25.3 Inflammation may be treated with nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies.
25.4 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the primary drugs for the treatment of mild inflammation.
25.5 Corticosteroids are effective in treating severe inflammation.
25.6 Antipyretics are drugs used to reduce fever.
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 26 Drugs for Immune System Modulation
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 26.1 The human body has both innate and adaptive body defenses.
Core Concept 26.2 The immune response results from activation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems.
Immunostimulants
Core Concept 26.3 Vaccines are biological agents used to prevent illness.
Core Concept 26.4 Biologic response modifiers are used to boost the immune response.
Core Concept 26.5 Immunosuppressants are used to prevent transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune disorders.
Concept Review 26.1
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
26.1 The human body has both innate and adaptive body defenses.
26.2 The immune response results from activation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems.
26.3 Vaccines are biologic agents used to prevent illness.
26.4 Biologic response modifiers are used to boost the immune response.
26.5 Immunosuppressants are used to prevent transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune disorders.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 27 Drugs for Bacterial Infections
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 27.1 Pathogens are organisms that cause disease by invading tissues or secreting toxins.
Core Concept 27.2 Anti-infective drugs are classified by their chemical structures or by their mechanisms of action.
Core Concept 27.3 Anti-infective drugs act by selectively targeting a pathogen’s metabolism or life cycle.
Core Concept 27.4 Acquired resistance is a major clinical problem that is worsened by improper use of anti-infectives.
Core Concept 27.5 Careful selection of the correct antibiotic is essential for effective pharmacotherapy and to limit adverse effects.
Core Concept 27.6 The penicillins are one of the oldest and safest groups of anti-infectives.
Concept Review 27.1
Core Concept 27.7 The cephalosporins are similar in structure and function to the penicillins and are one of the most widely prescribed anti-infective classes.
Core Concept 27.8 The tetracyclines have broad spectrums but are preferred drugs for few diseases.
Core Concept 27.9 The macrolides are safe alternatives to penicillin for many infections.
Concept Review 27.2
Core Concept 27.10 The aminoglycosides are narrow-spectrum drugs that have the potential to cause serious toxicity.
Core Concept 27.11 Fluoroquinolones have wide clinical applications because of their broad spectrum of activity and relative safety.
Core Concept 27.12 Sulfonamides and urinary antiseptics are traditional drugs for urinary tract infections.
Core Concept 27.13 A number of additional anti-infectives have distinct mechanisms of action and specific indications.
Tuberculosis
Core Concept 27.14 The pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis requires special dosing regimens and schedules.
Concept Review 27.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
27.1 Pathogens are organisms that cause disease by invading tissues or secreting toxins.
27.2 Anti-infective drugs are classified by their chemical structures or by their mechanisms of action.
27.3 Anti-infective drugs act by selectively targeting a pathogen’s metabolism or life cycle.
27.4 Acquired resistance is a major clinical problem that is worsened by improper use of anti-infectives.
27.5 Careful selection of the correct antibiotic is essential for effective pharmacotherapy and to limit adverse effects.
27.6 The penicillins are one of the oldest and safest groups of anti-infectives.
27.7 The cephalosporins are similar in structure and function to the penicillins and are one of the most widely prescribed anti-infective classes.
27.8 The tetracyclines have broad spectrums but are preferred drugs for few diseases.
27.9 The macrolides are safe alternatives to penicillin for many infections.
27.10 The aminoglycosides are narrow-spectrum drugs that have the potential to cause serious toxicity.
27.11 Fluoroquinolones have wide clinical applications because of their broad spectrum of activity and relative safety.
27.12 Sulfonamides and urinary antiseptics are traditional drugs for urinary tract infections.
27.13 A number of additional anti-infectives have distinct mechanisms of action and specific indications.
27.14 The pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis requires special dosing regimens and schedules.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 28 Drugs for Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Diseases
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Antifungal Drugs
Core Concept 28.1 Fungal infections are classified as superficial or systemic.
Core Concept 28.2 Systemic antifungal drugs are used for serious infections of internal organs.
Concept Review 28.1
Core Concept 28.3 Superficial infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes are effectively treated with topical and oral antifungal drugs.
Antiviral Drugs
Core Concept 28.4 Viruses are infectious agents that require a host to replicate.
Core Concept 28.5 Antiretroviral drugs do not cure HIV-AIDS, but they do help many patients live longer.
Concept Review 28.2
Core Concept 28.6 Antiviral drugs are available to treat herpes simplex, influenza, and viral hepatitis infections.
Treatment of Herpesvirus Infection
Treatment of Influenza Virus Infection
Treatment of Viral Hepatitis Infection
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Antiparasitic Drugs
Core Concept 28.7 Infections caused by helminths and protozoans cause significant disease worldwide.
Concept Review 28.3
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
28.1 Fungal infections are classified as superficial or systemic.
28.2 Systemic antifungal drugs are used for serious infections of internal organs.
28.3 Superficial infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes are effectively treated with topical and oral antifungal drugs.
28.4 Viruses are infectious agents that require a host to replicate.
28.5 Antiretroviral drugs do not cure HIV-AIDS, but they do help many patients live longer.
28.6 Antiviral drugs are available to treat herpes simplex, influenza, and viral hepatitis infections.
28.7 Infections caused by helminths and protozoans cause significant disease worldwide.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 29 Drugs for Neoplasia
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 29.1 Cancer is characterized by rapid, uncontrolled growth of cells.
Core Concept 29.2 The causes of cancer may be chemical, physical, or biological.
Concept Review 29.1
Core Concept 29.3 The three primary goals of chemotherapy are cure, control, and palliation.
Core Concept 29.4 To achieve a total cure, every malignant cell must be removed or killed.
Core Concept 29.5 Use of multiple drugs and special dosing schedules improve the success of chemotherapy.
Concept Review 29.2
Core Concept 29.6 Serious toxicity limits therapy with most of the antineoplastic drugs.
Core Concept 29.7 Alkylating drugs act by changing the structure of DNA in cancer cells.
Core Concept 29.8 Antimetabolites disrupt critical cellular pathways in cancer cells.
Core Concept 29.9 A few cytotoxic antibiotics are used to treat cancer rather than infections.
Core Concept 29.10 Some natural products kill cancer cells by preventing cell division.
Core Concept 29.11 Some hormones and hormone antagonists are effective against prostate and breast cancer.
Concept Review 29.3
Core Concept 29.12 Targeted therapies and some miscellaneous antineoplastic drugs are effective against specific tumors.
Core Concept 29.13 Adjunct medications are sometimes necessary to treat cancer symptoms and to reduce the intensity of adverse effects from antineoplastic drugs.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
29.1 Cancer is characterized by rapid, uncontrolled growth of cells.
29.2 The causes of cancer may be chemical, physical, or biological.
29.3 The three primary goals of chemotherapy are cure, control, and palliation.
29.4 To achieve a total cure, every malignant cell must be removed or killed.
29.5 Use of multiple drugs and special dosing schedules improve the success of chemotherapy.
29.6 Serious toxicity limits therapy with most of the antineoplastic drugs.
29.7 Alkylating drugs act by changing the structure of DNA in cancer cells.
29.8 Antimetabolites disrupt critical cellular pathways in cancer cells.
29.9 A few cytotoxic antibiotics are used to treat cancer rather than infections.
29.10 Some natural products kill cancer cells by preventing cell division.
29.11 Some hormones and hormone antagonists are effective against prostate and breast cancer.
29.12 Targeted therapies and some miscellaneous antineoplastic drugs are effective against specific tumors.
29.13 Adjunct medications are sometimes necessary to treat cancer symptoms and to reduce the intensity of adverse effects from antineoplastic drugs.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 5 The Respiratory and Digestive Systems
Chapter 30 Drugs for Respiratory Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 30.1 The respiratory system supplies oxygen for the body and provides protection against inhaled pathogens.
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Concept Review 30.1
Core Concept 30.2 The inhalation route of drug administration quickly delivers medications directly to their sites of action.
Concept Review 30.2
Allergic Rhinitis
Core Concept 30.3 Allergic rhinitis is characterized by sneezing, watery eyes, and nasal congestion.
Core Concept 30.4 Antihistamines are widely used to treat allergic rhinitis and other minor allergies.
Concept Review 30.3
Core Concept 30.5 Intranasal corticosteroids are first-line drugs for treating allergic rhinitis.
Core Concept 30.6 Decongestants are used to reduce nasal congestion caused by allergic rhinitis and the common cold.
Concept Review 30.4
Core Concept 30.7 Antitussives and expectorants are used to treat symptoms of the common cold.
Asthma
Core Concept 30.8 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bronchospasm.
Core Concept 30.9 Beta-adrenergic agonists are the most effective drugs for relieving acute bronchospasm.
Core Concept 30.10 Corticosteroids are the most effective drugs for the long-term prophylaxis of asthma.
Core Concept 30.11 Mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies are alternative anti-inflammatory drugs for the prophylaxis of asthma.
Concept Review 30.5
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Core Concept 30.12 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disorder treated with multiple drugs.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
30.1 The respiratory system supplies oxygen for the body and provides protection against inhaled pathogens.
30.2 The inhalation route of drug administration quickly delivers medications directly to their sites of action.
30.3 Allergic rhinitis is characterized by sneezing, watery eyes, and nasal congestion.
30.4 Antihistamines are widely used to treat allergic rhinitis and other minor allergies.
30.5 Intranasal corticosteroids are first-line drugs for treating allergic rhinitis.
30.6 Decongestants are used to reduce nasal congestion caused by allergic rhinitis and the common cold.
30.7 Antitussives and expectorants are used to treat symptoms of the common cold.
30.8 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by bronchospasm.
30.9 Beta-adrenergic agonists are the most effective drugs for relieving acute bronchospasm.
30.10 Corticosteroids are the most effective drugs for the long-term prophylaxis of asthma.
30.11 Mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies are alternative anti-inflammatory drugs for the prophylaxis of asthma.
30.12 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disorder treated with multiple drugs.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 31 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 31.1 The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates wastes.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Core Concept 31.2 Peptic ulcer disease is caused by erosion of the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum.
Concept Review 31.1
Core Concept 31.3 Peptic ulcer disease is treated by a combination of lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy.
Core Concept 31.4 Proton-pump inhibitors are effective at reducing gastric acid secretion.
Core Concept 31.5 H2-receptor blockers reduce the secretion of gastric acid.
Concept Review 31.2
Core Concept 31.6 Antacids rapidly neutralize stomach acid and reduce the symptoms of PUD and GERD.
Core Concept 31.7 Antibiotics are administered to eliminate Helicobacter pylori, the cause of many peptic ulcers.
Core Concept 31.8 Several miscellaneous drugs are also beneficial in treating peptic ulcer disease.
Concept Review 31.3
Constipation
Core Concept 31.10 Opioids are the most effective drugs for controlling severe diarrhea.
Nausea and Vomiting
Core Concept 31.11 Antiemetics are prescribed to treat nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.
Pancreatic Enzymes
Core Concept 31.12 Pancreatic enzymes are administered as replacement therapy for patients with pancreatitis or malabsorption syndromes.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
31.1 The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates wastes.
31.2 Peptic ulcer disease is caused by erosion of the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum.
31.3 Peptic ulcer disease is treated by a combination of lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy.
31.4 Proton-pump inhibitors are effective at reducing gastric acid secretion.
31.5 H2-receptor blockers reduce the secretion of gastric acid.
31.6 Antacids rapidly neutralize stomach acid and reduce the symptoms of PUD and GERD.
31.7 Antibiotics are administered to eliminate Helicobacter pylori, the cause of many peptic ulcers.
31.8 Several miscellaneous drugs are also beneficial in treating peptic ulcer disease.
31.9 Laxatives are used to promote defecation.
31.10 Opioids are the most effective drugs for controlling severe diarrhea.
31.11 Antiemetics are prescribed to treat nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness.
31.12 Pancreatic enzymes are administered as replacement therapy for patients with pancreatitis or malabsorption syndromes.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 32 Drugs for Nutritional Disorders and Obesity
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 32.1 Vitamins promote growth and maintain health and wellness.
Core Concept 32.2 Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble
Core Concept 32.3 Recommended dietary allowances for vitamins have been established for the average healthy adult.
Core Concept 32.4 Vitamin therapy is indicated for specific conditions.
Concept Review 32.1
Core Concept 32.5 Mineral therapy is indicated for certain deficiency conditions
Concept Review 32.2
Core Concept 32.6 Enteral and total parenteral nutrition are therapies that deliver essential nutrients to patients with deficiencies.
Core Concept 32.7 Anorexiants and lipase inhibitors are used for the short-term management of obesity.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
32.1 Vitamins promote growth and maintain health and wellness.
32.2 Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble.
32.3 Recommended dietary allowances for vitamins have been established for the average healthy adult.
32.4 Vitamin therapy is indicated for specific conditions.
32.5 Mineral therapy is indicated for certain deficiency conditions.
32.6 Enteral and total parenteral nutrition are therapies that deliver essential nutrients to patients with deficiencies.
32.7 Anorexiants and lipase inhibitors are used for the short-term management of obesity.
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 6 The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Chapter 33 Drugs for Endocrine Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 33.1 The endocrine system maintains homeostasis by using hormones as chemical messengers.
Core Concept 33.2 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland secrete hormones that control other endocrine organs.
Core Concept 33.3 Hormones are used as replacement therapy, as antineoplastics, or as antihormones to block endogenous actions.
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Disorders
Core Concept 33.4 Of the many hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, several have clinical applications as drugs.
Thyroid Disorders
Core Concept 33.5 The thyroid gland controls the basal metabolic rate and affects virtually every cell in the body.
Core Concept 33.6 Thyroid disorders may be treated by administering thyroid hormone or by decreasing the activity of the thyroid gland.
Concept Review 33.1
Adrenal Disorders
Core Concept 33.7 Corticosteroids are released during periods of stress and influence carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in most cells.
Core Concept 33.8 Corticosteroids are prescribed for adrenocortical insufficiency and to dampen inflammatory and immune responses.
Concept Review 33.2
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
33.1 The endocrine system maintains homeostasis by using hormones as chemical messengers.
33.2 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland secrete hormones that control other endocrine organs.
33.3 Hormones are used as replacement therapy, as antineoplastics, or as “antihormones” to block endogenous actions.
33.4 Of the many hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, several have clinical applications as drugs.
33.5 The thyroid gland controls the basal metabolic rate and affects virtually every cell in the body.
33.6 Thyroid disorders may be treated by administering thyroid hormone or by decreasing the activity of the thyroid gland.
33.7 Corticosteroids are released during periods of stress and influence carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in most cells.
33.8 Corticosteroids are prescribed for adrenocortical insufficiency and to dampen inflammatory and immune responses.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 34 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 34.1 The pancreas is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Core Concept 34.2 Type 1 diabetes is caused by a deficiency of insulin.
Core Concept 34.3 Insulin replacement therapy is required for type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Core Concept 34.4 Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disorder.
Core Concept 34.5 Antidiabetic drugs are prescribed after diet and exercise have failed to reduce blood glucose to normal levels.
Concept Review 34.1
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
34.1 The pancreas is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels.
34.2 Type 1 diabetes is caused by a deficiency of insulin.
34.3 Insulin replacement therapy is required for type 1 diabetes.
34.4 Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disorder
34.5 Antidiabetic drugs are prescribed after diet and exercise have failed to reduce blood glucose to normal levels.
Review Questions
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 35 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Reproductive System
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 35.1 The hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads control reproductive function in both men and women.
Contraceptives
Core Concept 35.2 Oral contraceptives and extended-release formulations are drugs used in low doses to prevent pregnancy.
Menopause
Core Concept 35.3 Hormone replacement therapy provides estrogen to treat postmenopausal symptoms, but benefits may not outweigh risks.
Uterine Abnormalities
Core Concept 35.4 Conjugated estrogens and progestins are prescribed for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometrial cancer, and postmenopausal symptoms.
Concept Review 35.1
Labor and Breastfeeding
Core Concept 35.5 Oxytocics and tocolytics are drugs that influence uterine contractions and labor.
Concept Review 35.2
Hypogonadism
Core Concept 35.6 Androgens are used to treat hypogonadism in males.
Erectile Dysfunction
Core Concept 35.7 Erectile dysfunction is a common disorder successfully treated with drug therapy.
Concept Review 35.3
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Core Concept 35.8 In its early stages, benign prostatic hyperplasia is successfully treated.
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
35.1 The hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads control reproductive function in both men and women.
35.2 Oral contraceptives and extended-release formulations are drugs used in low doses to prevent pregnancy.
35.3 Hormone replacement therapy provides estrogen to treat postmenopausal symptoms, but benefits may not outweigh risks.
35.4 Conjugated estrogens and progestins are prescribed for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometrial cancer, and postmenopausal symptoms.
35.5 Oxytocics and tocolytics are drugs that influence uterine contractions and labor.
35.6 Androgens are used to treat hypogonadism in males.
35.7 Erectile dysfunction is a common disorder successfully treated with drug therapy.
35.8 In its early stages, benign prostatic hyperplasia is successfully treated.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Unit 7 The Skeletal System, Integumentary System, and Eyes and Ears
Chapter 36 Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 36.1 Adequate levels of calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are necessary for bone and body homeostasis.
Hypocalcemia
Core Concept 36.2 Hypocalcemia is a serious condition that requires immediate therapy.
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Core Concept 36.3 Osteomalacia and rickets are successfully treated with calcium salts and vitamin D supplements
Concept Review 36.1
Osteoporosis
Core Concept 36.4 Treatment for osteoporosis includes calcitonin, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, and bisphosphonates.
Calcitonin
Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators
Bisphosphonates
Concept Review 36.2
Paget Disease
Core Concept 36.5 Treatment for Paget disease includes biologic therapies and bisphosphonates.
Concept Review 36.3
Osteoarthritis
Core Concept 36.6 Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are important components of pharmacotherapy for osteoarthritis.
Core Concept 36.7 Immunosuppressants and disease-modifying drugs are additional therapies used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Core Concept 36.8 Pharmacotherapy for gout requires drugs that control uric acid levels.
Concept Review 36.5
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
36.1 Adequate levels of calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are necessary for bone and body homeostasis.
36.2 Hypocalcemia is a serious condition that requires immediate therapy.
36.3 Osteomalacia and rickets are successfully treated with calcium salts and vitamin D supplements.
36.4 Treatment for osteoporosis includes calcitonin, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, and bisphosphonates.
36.5 Treatment for Paget disease includes biologic therapies and bisphosphonates.
36.6 Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are important components of pharmacotherapy for osteoarthritis.
36.7 Immunosuppressants and disease-modifying drugs are additional therapies used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
36.8 Pharmacotherapy for gout requires drugs that control uric acid levels.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 37 Drugs for Skin Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 37.1 Layers of skin provide protection to the body.
Core Concept 37.2 The major causes of skin disorders are injury, aging, inherited factors, and other medical conditions.
Concept Review 37.1
Core Concept 37.3 Scabicides and pediculicides treat parasitic mite and lice infestations.
Concept Review 37.2
Sunburn and Minor Skin Irritation
Core Concept 37.4 The goal of drug therapy for sunburn is to eliminate discomfort until healing occurs.
Concept Review 37.3
Core Concept 37.5 Acne and rosacea are treated by a combination of over-the-counter and prescription drugs.
Concept Review 37.4
Core Concept 37.6 Topical corticosteroids are used mainly to treat dermatitis and related symptoms.
Psoriasis
Core Concept 37.7 Several topical and systemic medications are used to treat psoriatic symptoms.
Concept Review 37.5
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
37.1 Layers of skin provide protection to the body.
37.2 The major causes of skin disorders are injury, aging, inherited factors, and other medical conditions.
37.3 Scabicides and pediculicides treat parasitic mite and lice infestations.
37.4 The goal of drug therapy for sunburn is to eliminate discomfort until healing occurs.
37.5 Acne and rosacea are treated by a combination of over-the-counter and prescription drugs.
37.6 Topical corticosteroids are used mainly to treat dermatitis and related symptoms.
37.7 Several topical and systemic medications are used to treat psoriatic symptoms.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 38 Drugs for Eye and Ear Disorders
Core Concepts
Learning Outcomes
Key Terms
Core Concept 38.1 Knowledge of basic eye anatomy is essential for an understanding of eye disorders and drug therapy.
Glaucoma
Core Concept 38.2 Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness.
Core Concept 38.3 Glaucoma therapy focuses on adjusting the circulation of aqueous humor.
Concept Review 38.1
Core Concept 38.4 Antiglaucoma medications may increase the outflow of aqueous humor.
Prostaglandins
Direct- and Indirect-Acting Cholinergics (Miotic Drugs)
Nonselective Sympathomimetics (Mydriatic Drugs)
Core Concept 38.5 Antiglaucoma medications may decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Alpha2-Adrenergic Drugs
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Osmotic Diuretics
Concept Review 38.2
Core Concept 38.6 Drugs provide relief for minor eye conditions and are used for eye exams.
Concept Review 38.3
Core Concept 38.7 Otic preparations treat infections, inflammation, and earwax buildup.
Concept Review 38.4
Chapter Review
Core Concepts Summary
38.1 Knowledge of basic eye anatomy is essential for an understanding of eye disorders and drug therapy.
38.2 Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness.
38.3 Glaucoma therapy focuses on adjusting the circulation of aqueous humor.
38.4 Antiglaucoma medications may increase the outflow of aqueous humor.
38.5 Antiglaucoma medications may decrease the formation of aqueous humor.
38.6 Drugs provide relief for minor eye conditions and are used for eye exams.
38.7 Otic preparations treat infections, inflammation, and earwax buildup.
Review Questions
Reference
Selected Bibliography
Appendix A Complete Answers and Rationales to Review and Case Study Questions
Case Study Answers
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Case Study Answers
Appendix B Calculating Dosages
I. Calculating Dosage Using Ratios and Proportions
II. Calculating Dosage by Weight
III. Calculating Dosage by Body Surface Area
IV. Calculating IV Infusion Rates
Guide to Special Features
Glossary
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
Photo Credits

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