Test Bank for Health Psychology, 2/E 2nd Edition Deborah Fish Ragin

Instant download Test Bank for Health Psychology, 2/E 2nd Edition Deborah Fish Ragin pdf docx epub after payment.

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration?
   1. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans and animals.
   2. It is the agency that monitors research studies.
   3. It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans.
   4. It is the agency that approves research studies.

Correct Answer: c

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

2. According to the Johns Hopkins research example in the text, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was responsible for
   1. Approving the sale of new drugs for asthma.
   2. Approving the distribution of drugs for humans.
   3. Investigating the death of an individual with asthma.
   4. Investigating the death of a healthy individual involved in a study about asthma.

Correct Answer: d

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

3. Rolando works for the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). What type of work does Rolando do?
   1. He monitors research involving human subjects.
   2. He monitors research involving human and animal subjects.
   3. He approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans.
   4. He supervises individuals working for the Food and Drug Administration.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

4. The term _____ refers to the death of a study participant or any injury or illness to a participant as a result of their involvement in an approved research study.
   1. “Toxicity”
   2. “Adverse event”
   3. “Hexamethonium”
   4. “Critical issue”

Correct Answer: b

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 26
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

5. When considering a research study, one of the primary criteria for research scientists is that they must
   1. Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants.
   2. Ensure they are not using healthy subjects.
   3. Ensure they are not using unhealthy subjects.
   4. Create ethical guidelines for the sale and distribution of any medication being studied.

Correct Answer: a

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

6. One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves
   1. Reviews of health policies and procedures for research institutions.
   2. Investigation of situations where research subjects were harmed.
   3. Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations.
   4. Oversight of research review boards.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

7. Epidemiologists are analogous to
   2. Medical detectives.
   3. Government workers.
   4. School teachers.

Correct Answer: b

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

8. Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist?
   1. Identifying the earliest known human infected with a particular disease.
   2. Pinpointing the origins of an infection or a disease.
   3. Determining potential risks of disease.
   4. Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain diseases or infections.

Correct Answer: d

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 27
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

9. Nelson is studying infant mortality rates in Third World countries. In other words, Dr. Nelson is studying
   1. The number of live births.
   2. Infant survival rates.
   3. Infant death rates.
   4. Diseases commonly found in infants.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

10. Rita missed a class lecture on morbidity. What type of information would the lecture certainly have included?
    1. A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death.
    2. A discussion of various medical treatments.
    3. A discussion of pediatric milestones.
    4. A discussion of death rates in underdeveloped countries.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

11. The two types of data used to report morbidity and mortality statistics are
    1. Raw data and disease susceptibility.
    2. Raw data and rates.
    3. Number of subjects studied and number of experiments performed.
    4. Risk factors and rates.

Correct Answer: b

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 28
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

12. According to the raw data on infant mortality statistics, which country had the highest number of infant deaths in 2008?
    1. Finland
    2. France
    3. United States
    4. Afghanistan

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

13. _____ had the lowest number of infant deaths in 2008, according to the raw data on infant mortality statistics.
    1. The United States
    2. Finland
    3. France
    4. Germany

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

14. Research scientists accurately compare mortality statistics across two or more countries by using
    1. Mortality rates.
    2. Raw data.
    3. Epidemiological statistics.
    4. Cross-comparisons.

Correct Answer: a

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 30
Topic: b-Heading
Objective: Factual

15. According to the information on infant mortality statistics of 2008, France had the _____ highest raw number of infant deaths and the _____ highest mortality rate.
    1. First; first
    2. First; second
    3. Second; fifth
    4. Second; third

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

16. Isaac wants to know how quickly the HIV/AIDS virus is spreading among teenagers. When conducting his research, he will want to look at the number of new cases, or the _____ of the disease.
    1. Prevalence
    2. Incidence
    3. Relative risk
    4. Mortality rates

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 30
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

17. _____ refers to the total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a given population.
    1. Prevalence
    2. Incidence
    3. Relative risk
    4. Morbidity

Correct Answer: a

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

18. In 2005, the Ukraine reported an HIV prevalence rate of 1.4%, which indicates that
    1. 4% of all children in the Ukraine had HIV.
    2. 4% of all children ages 2–12 had HIV.
    3. 4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV.
    4. None of the above

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 3
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

19. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding “relative risk”?
    1. Relative risk involves the number of new cases of a disease.
    2. Relative risk is the total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population.
    3. Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by “members” of an exposed group.
    4. Relative risk is not a useful tool for gauging risks involved for a population exposed to disease.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

20. Which of the following variables is NOT considered a measure of the health of a population?
    1. Relative risk
    2. Morbidity
    3. Prevalence
    4. Adverse effects

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

21. Higgins is interested in the immediate, or _____ cause of a recent outbreak of the flu.
    1. Distal
    2. Proximal
    3. Incidental
    4. Ecological

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

22. Health scientists determined that the proximal cause of a gastrointestinal illness suffered by some who had eaten at various Taco Bell restaurants in December 2006 was due to
    1. A type of e. coli bacteria.
    2. Congenital defects.
    3. A type of staph infection.
    4. Symptoms of high blood pressure.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 32
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

23. Which of the following would be considered a distal cause of heart disease?
    1. Staph infection
    2. coli bacteria
    3. Congenital defects
    4. All of the above

Correct Answer: c

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 32
Topic: b-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

24. A distal cause of illness is also called a(n)
    1. Predisposing factor.
    2. Adverse effect.
    3. Proximal cause.
    4. Immediate cause.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 32
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

25. Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors.
    1. Predisposing
    2. Precipitating
    3. Morbidity
    4. Distant

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 31
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

26. Margie is conducting a correlational study related to the amount of time spent studying and overall exam scores. This type of study is called a(n)
    1. Epidemiological study.
    2. Experimental study.
    3. Nonexperimental study.
    4. Proximal study.

Correct Answer: c

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

27. Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to
    1. Rated data.
    2. Raw data.
    3. Statistical data.
    4. Non-statistical data.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

28. A team of researchers is designing a study that will consist primarily of “contextual” data. Which type of study will they be using?
    1. An experimental study
    2. A quantitative study
    3. A qualitative study
    4. A correlational study

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

29. Gathering information about eating behaviors to determine the cause of a food-borne illness is an example of
    1. Qualitative data.
    2. Quantitative data.
    3. Incidental data.
    4. Experimental data.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 38
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

30. The West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States provides an example of the use of a(n) _____ approach to investigate the cause of illness.
    1. Correlational study
    2. Case study
    3. Experimental study
    4. Quantitative study

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 35
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

31. Which type of study is NOT considered “qualitative”?
    1. Correlational study
    2. Case study
    3. Focus group
    4. None of the above

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 33-36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

32. Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group?
    1. To explore decision-making processes
    2. To generate insight
    3. To gather information
    4. To determine cause and effect relationships

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 35-36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

33. Focus groups are facilitated by
    1. A health psychologist.
    2. A moderator.
    3. A member of the group.
    4. A team leader.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 35
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

34. “Do you exercise on a daily basis?” is an example of a(n) _____ question.
    1. Open-ended
    2. Closed-ended
    3. Unstructured
    4. In-depth

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

35. _____ questions allow respondents to construct and deliver their own answers without regard to the length of their response.
    1. Open-ended
    2. Closed-ended
    3. Structured
    4. Simplified

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

36. Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question?
    1. “Is your birthday in April?”
    2. “What brings you to the doctor’s office today?”
    3. “Do you have children?”
    4. “Do you work outside of the home?”

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

37. _____ is used to determine whether or not a relationship exists between two or more variables.
    1. Case study research
    2. Experimental research
    3. Qualitative research
    4. Correlational research

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

38. A relationship between two variables is called a(n)
    1. Case study.
    3. Focus group.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

39. A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____.
    1. +1.00; -1.00.
    2. +1.50; -1.50.
    3. +2.00; -2.00.
    4. +2.50; -2.50.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

40. A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate
    1. A positive correlation.
    2. A negative correlation.
    3. No correlation.
    4. A strong correlation.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

41. A psychologist is analyzing existing data from an existing database to determine health behaviors in Jamaica. She is conducting a
    1. Health policy analysis.
    2. Introspective analysis.
    3. Retrospective analysis.
    4. Comprehensive analysis.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

42. Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation?
    1. David has increased the amount of exercising he’s been doing and has noticed a decrease in his weight.
    2. Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the number of headaches he typically has.
    3. Tina has experienced a decrease in grades but the amount of TV she has been watching has increased.
    4. None of the above

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

43. When both variables of a correlational study decrease, the relationship involves a
    1. Positive correlation.
    2. Negative correlation.
    3. Weak correlation.
    4. Strong correlation.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

44. A coefficient value of _____ and above generally indicates a strong correlation.
    1. r = 0.20
    2. r = 0.40
    3. r = 0.60
    4. r = 0.80

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

45. One of the limits of a correlational study is that
    1. It does not provide researchers with reliable information if the coefficient value is less than 0.30.
    2. It does not provide information on the strength of a relationship between two variables.
    3. It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
    4. It does not recognize negative correlations.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 36-37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

46. Christy wants to explore whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables, therefore she would want to design a(n)
    1. Experimental research study.
    2. Correlational study.
    3. Case study.
    4. Focus group study.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

47. The _____ hypothesis of an experiment assumes no relationship between two variables.
    1. Negative
    2. Research
    3. Alternative
    4. Null

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

48. Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of caffeine on memory. What type of study is he using?
    1. Case study
    2. Correlational study
    3. Experimental research study
    4. Non-experimental research study

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

49. _____ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of caffeine on memory.
    1. Caffeine
    2. Memory
    3. The memory test
    4. The type of memory

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

50. The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the
    1. Dependent variable.
    2. Independent variable.
    3. Correlational variable.
    4. Null hypothesis.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

51. The outcome variable of the experimental research design is called the
    1. Independent variable.
    2. Dependent variable.
    3. Retrospective analysis.
    4. Null hypothesis.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

52. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the independent variable would be
    2. Mental illness.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

53. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the dependent variable would be
    2. Mental illness.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

54. Juanita is part of an experimental study where she receives a special treatment or condition. Which type of group is she a part of?
    1. The experimental group
    2. The control group
    3. The case study group
    4. The epidemiological group

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

55. In order to generalize the results of a study to the larger population, researchers must
    1. Test the entire population rather than a subset of the population.
    2. Select subjects based on the outcomes they hope to produce.
    3. Include data from at least 100 subjects.
    4. Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being studied.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

56. A random _____ involves a group of people who have an equal chance of participating in an experimental study and who will be representative of the population to be studied.
    1. Recruitment
    2. Assignment
    3. Sample
    4. Disbursement

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 39-40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

57. Researchers would conduct a _____ study to investigate the effects of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period for one group of males ages 40–45.
    1. Cross-sectional
    2. Longitudinal
    3. Correlational
    4. Qualitative

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

58. One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that
    1. It is less reliable than cross-sectional studies.
    2. It is often too short.
    3. It only studies one individual at a time.
    4. Attrition rates influence participation levels.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

59. The Framingham Heart Study (1949) was an example of the use of a _____ study.
    1. Qualitative
    2. Longitudinal
    3. Cross-sectional
    4. Correlational

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 40
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

60. The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to
    1. Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of coronary heart disease.
    2. Determine whether a correlation existed between age and one’s risk of developing coronary heart disease.
    3. Measure the effectiveness of new heart medications designed to control coronary heart disease.
    4. Provide researchers with guidelines for diagnosing coronary heart disease.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

61. Mel is conducting a cross-sectional study on the health behaviors of teenagers. He will inform the research subjects that their health behaviors will be measured _____ during the study.
    1. One time
    2. Two times
    3. Three times
    4. None of the above

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

62. Compared to a longitudinal study, one advantage of the cross-sectional research design is that
    1. The same group of subjects is measured multiple times to ensure accurate results.
    2. The varied subject groups allow for more variability in results.
    3. It is shorter in design.
    4. It is longer in design.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

63. A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study.
    1. Cross-sectional
    2. Longitudinal
    3. Intervention
    4. Qualitative

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

64. Intervention studies are also called _____ studies.
    1. Cross-sectional
    2. Pretest-posttest
    3. Posttest
    4. Case

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

65. Martina is part of a study on heart rate and exercise. Her heart rate is measured before walking on a treadmill and then again after walking on the treadmill. What type of study is she participating in?
    1. Longitudinal
    2. Cohort
    3. Intervention
    4. Directional

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

66. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
    1. Correlational tests are considered experimental tests.
    2. Cross-sectional studies incorporate pre-test/post-test procedures.
    3. Longitudinal studies are at an advantage over other studies because of attrition rates.
    4. Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher’s ability to determine the true effectiveness of the intervention.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 43
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

67. The Stanford Three Community Study utilized a(n) _____ research design.
    1. Cross-sectional
    2. Intervention
    3. Qualitative
    4. Organizational

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

68. The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in
    1. Providing a variety of treatments for the reduction of mental illness.
    2. Conducting seminars on recognizing depressive symptoms.
    3. Organizing and developing pharmacological manuals for the proper dispensation of medication.
    4. Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

69. _____ studies measure the impact of an intervention in the subject’s natural environment rather than in a laboratory.
    1. Randomized
    2. Community-based
    3. Eligibility-based
    4. Cohort-based

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 42 (Box 2.2)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

70. The Johns Hopkins study of asthma in the opening story of Chapter 2 is an example of a(n)
    1. Randomized clinical trial.
    2. Intervention study.
    3. Community-based study.
    4. Prospective study.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

71. A randomized clinical trial tests
    1. The strength of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation.
    2. The degree to which two variables are related.
    3. The effectiveness of new drugs.
    4. The effects of random sampling in research subject selection.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

72. What is the required order in which new drugs/medication must be tested according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?
    1. Animal testing, laboratory testing, human testing
    2. Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing
    3. Human testing, laboratory testing, animal testing
    4. Animal testing, human testing, laboratory testing

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

73. The _____ design addresses the ethical concern of time delays for randomized clinical trials.
    1. Cross-sectional
    2. Post-test
    3. Case study
    4. Pre-post-post-test

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

74. Lee is in the process of designing a research study focusing on stress and heart disease. He understands that he will not be able to control for variables such as age, gender and ethnicity. Based on his concerns that these variables may impact the results of his study, Lee’s supervisor recommends he use a _____.
    1. Longitudinal research design.
    2. Pre-test-post-test design.
    3. Qualitative design.
    4. Quasi-experimental design.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 44
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

75. A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that
    1. Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
    2. The study has strict controls for variables such as age and ethnicity.
    3. It contains 2 control groups rather than 1.
    4. All of the above are disadvantages of the quasi-experimental design.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 45
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

76. How did society initially discover what was going on with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
    1. Researchers held a public forum to disclose what they had been doing.
    2. An internal review board examined the study and declared it unethical.
    3. An investigator with the U.S. Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about the study.
    4. The subjects involved in the study informed their families, who in turn leaked it to the media.

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 47 (Box 2.3)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

77. Attention to the abuse of human subjects was prompted by discoveries after
    1. World War I
    2. World War II
    3. The Civil War
    4. The Iraq War

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 49
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

78. The _____ was the first formal document defining the rules of conduct for research involving human subjects.
    1. Tuskegee Code
    2. Stanford Prison Code
    3. Nuremburg Code
    4. Framingham Code

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 49
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

79. The Declaration of Human Rights is a document developed and approved by the original members of the
    1. United Nations.
    2. Nuremburg Trials.
    3. World Medical Society.
    4. American Psychological Association.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 49
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

80. Jessie’s grandmother read about a medical study being conducted on senior citizens. She expresses an interest in the study but tells Jessie she has some concerns about whether or not the study will follow ethical protocol (Jessie’s grandmother is familiar with the results of the Johns Hopkins study on asthma). Jessie tells her grandmother that a(n) _____ has been established to ensure protection of human subjects in research studies; therefore, she recommends her grandmother consider participating in the study.
    1. Bill of Patient Rights
    2. White House Special Commission
    3. Institutional Review Board
    4. Subject Review Panel

Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied

81. The Stanford Prison Experiment was initially designed to examine
    1. Interpersonal dynamics.
    2. The effects of physical harm among prison guards and prison inmates.
    3. The effects of psychological harm among prison guards and prison inmates.
    4. The role of one’s education level on interpersonal relations.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

82. Why was the Stanford Prison Experiment halted earlier than intended?
    1. All of the mock prison inmates quit the experiment due to stress.
    2. The emotional impact on the prison guards and inmates was far greater than expected.
    3. An Institutional Review Board stopped the experiment.
    4. The mock prison guards quit the experiment due to the living conditions in the study.

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 52 (Box 2.6)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

83. The _____ identified three fundamental, ethical principles for the protection of human subjects.
    1. World Medical Association
    2. National Research Act of 1974
    3. National Commission of Biomedical Research and Regulation
    4. Belmont Report

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 53-54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

84. _____ is an ethical principle requiring researchers to protect research subjects by maximizing potential benefits and minimizing potential harm.
    1. Justice
    2. Beneficence
    3. Respect for persons
    4. Informed consent

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

85. Which of the following is NOT one of the main principles of the Belmont Report?
    1. Human welfare
    2. Respect for persons
    3. Beneficence
    4. Justice

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

86. Individuals who are unable to understand the research design and to give consent responsibly are considered to have
    1. Diminished mental capacity.
    2. A mental illness.
    3. A physical disability.
    4. Reduced consciousness.

Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

87. Which of the following is a U.S. regulation guiding emergency medical research without informed consent?
    1. Additional evidence is needed to determine an experimental treatment’s safety or efficacy.
    2. The participant is incapable of consent due to their medical condition.
    3. Researchers have observed a number of special protections including “community consultation.”
    4. All of the above

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 55
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

88. Of the conditions necessary for emergency medical research without informed consent, _____ is the most difficult concept to demonstrate.
    1. “Life-threatening condition”
    2. “Community consultation”
    3. “Diminished mental capacity”
    4. “Beneficence”

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 55
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

89. _____ must clearly explain the activities required of each research participant, as well as the risks and benefits of participating in the study.
    1. Beneficence
    2. Informed consent
    3. A consensual agreement
    4. The rights and responsibilities agreement

Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

90. When participating in a research study, subjects are
    1. Responsible for requesting an informed consent agreement before participating in the study.
    2. Allowed to read the results upon the completion of the study but not allowed their own personal copy.
    3. Entitled to a copy of the informed consent form but not until after the study is completed.
    4. Free to discontinue their participation at any time.

Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 56
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. One of the roles of an epidemiologist is to determine the origins of disease.Correct Answer: True
   Difficulty: 1
   Page ref: 37
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Factual

2. Measurements such as “incidence” and “prevalence” are considered to be specific indicators of the health of a community.Correct Answer: False
   Difficulty: 1
   Page ref: 30-31
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Conceptual

3. The type of data to be collected is irrelevant to the design of a research study.Correct Answer: False
   Difficulty: 2
   Page ref: 33
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Factual

4. The purpose of proximal and distal data is to explain the occurrence of the problem rather than to count the number of occurrences.Correct Answer: True
   Difficulty: 2
   Page ref: 32-33
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Factual

5. A case study is a type of quantitative research design.Correct Answer: False
   Difficulty: 2
   Page ref: 33
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Factual

6. Both case studies and focus groups yield indepth information but from different types of populations.Correct Answer: True
   Difficulty: 1
   Page ref: 35-36
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Conceptual

7. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient provides qualitative research data.Correct Answer: False
   Difficulty: 3
   Page ref: 36
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Factual

8. A coefficient value of 0.21–0.51 represents a weak correlation.Correct Answer: False
   Difficulty: 3
   Page ref: 36
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Conceptual

9. An increase in height and a decrease in weight is an example of a negative correlation.Correct Answer: True
   Difficulty: 2
   Page ref: 37
   Topic: B-Heading
   Objective: Conceptual

10. Correlation implies causality.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 2
    Page ref: 37
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Conceptual

11. An experimental study may contain multiple independent variables.Correct Answer: True
    Difficulty: 2
    Page ref: 39
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

12. The control group is also called the experimental group.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 1
    Page ref: 39
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

13. The most significant finding of the Framingham Heart Study was that over 5000 individuals developed heart disease over the course of a 10-year period.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 3
    Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1)
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

14. The Framingham Heart Study was completed in the year 2000.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 3
    Page ref: 40
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

15. Generally speaking, cross-sectional studies require more time than do longitudinal studies.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 1
    Page ref: 41
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Conceptual

16. Intervention studies may be experimental or quasi-experimental.Correct Answer: True
    Difficulty: 1
    Page ref: 45-46
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

17. The Stanford Prison Experiment was investigated for physical harm to subjects rather than emotional or psychological harm.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 3
    Page ref: 51-53
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Conceptual

18. The research subjects in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were informed that they had syphilis before the study began.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 2
    Page ref: 47 (Box 2.3)
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

19. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the first to use human subjects as “clinical material, not people.”Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 3
    Page ref: 46
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

20. The World Medical Association states that the principle of informed consent must be adhered to with every research study conducted on humans, regardless of whether or not the subject has diminished mental capacity.Correct Answer: False
    Difficulty: 3
    Page ref: 54
    Topic: B-Heading
    Objective: Factual

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the two general types of research methods used in health psychology?

Correct Answer: non-experimental studies and experimental studies
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

2. _____ studies are used when the goal of the researcher is to gather non-statistical data.

Correct Answer: Qualitative
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 33
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

3. One common correlation used as a gross measure of health status is the relationship between a person’s _____ and _____.

Correct Answer: height; weight
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

4. The _____ hypothesis assumes a relationship exists between two variables.

Correct Answer: research
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 37
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

5. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in the following case vignette: Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of stress on memory retention.

Correct Answer: independent variable: stress; dependent variable: memory retention
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 39
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Conceptual

6. The Framingham Heart Study was the first to demonstrate an association between coronary heart disease and _____.

Correct Answer: environmental causes
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 41 (Box 2.1)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

7. A _____ adjusts for the fact that researchers cannot always control every independent variable in a study.

Correct Answer: quasi-experimental design
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 45
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

8. The _____ is a system of national and local research review boards responsible for protecting human subjects in research studies.

Correct Answer: Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 51
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

9. The Stanford Prison Experiment lasted _____ days.

Correct Answer: 6
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 52 (Box 2.6)
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

10. _____ is an ethical principle requiring the absence of bias in selection for or exclusion from research.

Correct Answer: Justice
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 54
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Identify and explain the 5 classic indicators of health.
2. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of experimental and non-experimental research designs. Include a description of the specific study designs for both types.
3. Discuss the ethical violations of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and how these types of violations are monitored in modern-day research.
4. Provide a description of the Stanford Prison Experiment and explain how it was harmful to the research subjects.

5. Explain the purpose of the Institutional Review Board. Include a discussion of the history of ethical boards/guidelines, including the creation of the Nuremburg Code of 1947.